Abstract
The transition condition from the thermal phase to swarm phase of a particle cloud, produced by direct dumping of particles into a quiescent body of water, is predicted on the basis of the single-phase Boussinesq thermal theory proposed by the authors. The condition is verified for a wide range of dumping condition and particle size, and is found to be functions of the amount of dumped material, the size and density of particles. It is also shown that in a finite water depth the diffusion and deposition characteristics of particles along the bottom boundary are significantly affected by the phase of a falling particle cloud. When a particle cloud impinges on the bottom as the thermal phase, a turbidity current is formed and transports suspended particles in substantial distance away from a dumping point.When particles fall as the swarm phase, the current is not formed and consequently falling particles deposit near the dumping point.
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