Abstract
The northern Red Sea experiences strong annual differences in environmental conditions due to its relative high-latitude location for coral reefs. This allows the study of regulatory effects by key environmental parameters (i.e., temperature, inorganic nutrient, and organic matter concentrations) on reef primary production and dinitrogen (N2) fixation, but related knowledge is scarce. Therefore, this study measured environmental parameters, primary production and N2 fixation of phytoplankton groups in the water overlying a coral reef in the Gulf of Aqaba. To this end, we used a comparative approach between mixed and stratified water column scenarios in a full year of seasonal observations. Findings revealed that inorganic nutrient concentrations were significantly higher in the mixed compared to the stratified period. While gross photosynthesis and N2 fixation rates remained similar, net photosynthesis decreased from mixed to stratified period. Net heterotrophic activity of the planktonic community increased significantly during the stratified compared to the mixed period. While inorganic nitrogen (N) availability was correlated with net photosynthesis over the year, N2 fixation only correlated with N availability during the mixed period. This emphasizes the complexity of planktonic trophodynamics in northern Red Sea coral reefs. Comparing mixed and stratified planktonic N2 fixation rates with those of benthic organisms and substrates revealed a close seasonal activity similarity between free-living pelagic and benthic diazotrophs. During the mixed period, N2 fixation potentially contributed up to 3% of planktonic primary production N demand. This contribution increased by ca. one order of magnitude to 21% during the stratified period. Planktonic N2 fixation is likely a significant N source for phytoplankton to maintain high photosynthesis under oligotrophic conditions in coral reefs, especially during stratified conditions.
Highlights
Coral reefs thrive under oligotrophic conditions, due to autochthonous generation of organic carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) through photosynthetic primary production, prokaryotic dinitrogen (N2) fixation and efficient internal recycling of those materials within the ecosystem (Hatcher, 1997)
photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) increased from January to April from 3.45 ± 0.26 to 5.76 ± 0.11 mol quanta m−2 d−1, and decreased again from September to November from 6.72 ± 0.37 to 4.25 ± 0.38 mol quanta m−2 d−1 (Figure 1A)
Temperature was stable throughout the mixed period (22.1–22.9◦C), but increased to a maximum of 27.5◦C in early September followed by a decrease to 24.7◦C at the end of November
Summary
Coral reefs thrive under oligotrophic conditions, due to autochthonous generation of organic carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) through photosynthetic primary production, prokaryotic dinitrogen (N2) fixation and efficient internal recycling of those materials within the ecosystem (Hatcher, 1997). Inorganic nutrients are brought up to surface water layers during deep water mixing but are trapped in deeper waters during stratification, creating extreme oligotrophic conditions in coral reef surrounding surface waters (Rasheed et al, 2002, 2012; Silverman et al, 2007). These local physico-chemical conditions offer the rare opportunity to study the effects of variation in key environmental factors on important processes such as primary production and diazotrophy within coral reefs
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