Abstract
The present study deals with the assessment of changes in physical and biochemical characteristics of soil and metal partitioning in Beta vulgaris L. grown in farmer’s fields irrigated with waste water in Dinapur and Lohta areas of Varanasi, India, during December to February, 2007–2008 and 2008–2009. Nutrient concentrations, organic carbon, microbial biomass, C, N, and P, enzymatic activities and heavy metal concentrations in soil and plant parts were estimated at waste water (DW1, DW2 and LW) and clean water-irrigated sites (DC and LC). Sites receiving waste water irrigation showed an increase in organic C by 36 and 64 % and in available phosphorus by 15 and, 21 % at DW1 and DW2 sites compared to DC and 88 and 29 % at LW compared to LC during the first year. Dehydrogenase and urease activities increased two to threefold at waste water-irrigated sites compared to the respective clean water-irrigated ones during both the years of study. Microbial biomass (C, N, and P) and concentrations of exchangeable cations (Na+, K+, and Ca+2) also showed increments varying from two to threefold at waste water-irrigated sites. During both the years, total heavy metal concentration in soil was the highest for Mn followed by Zn, Pb, Ni, Cu, Cr, and Cd at Dinapur, whereas at Lohta the trend was Mn, Zn, Cr, Pb, Cu, and Cd. The accumulation of heavy metals in the plants was several-fold higher in roots and shoots at waste water-irrigated sites, and Cd, Pb, and Ni were above the safe limits in edible tissues. Lower metal concentrations were recorded at DW1 site compared to DW2 and LW sites. The study suggests that waste water irrigation led to beneficial changes in physico-chemical and biological properties of the soil, but increased the soil contamination of heavy metals. However, the intermittent use of clean water in such areas may not only reduce the metal contamination in the plants but will also maintain soil fertility.
Highlights
Population growth, especially in the developing countries, has increased the demand for a huge quantity of water for domestic, municipal, and industrial sectors
Organic C (p B 0.05) total N (p B 0.05) and available P (p B 0.05) contents were significantly higher at waste water-irrigated sites (DW1, DW2, and LW sites) as compared to the clean water-irrigated sites (DC and LC) during both years
Total N and available P content were higher in waste water (DW1, DW2, and LW sites) irrigated sites as compared to respective clean water-irrigated sites (DC, LC)
Summary
Population growth, especially in the developing countries, has increased the demand for a huge quantity of water for domestic, municipal, and industrial sectors. With the increasing scarcity of freshwater resources that are available to agriculture, the use of urban waste water for irrigation is increasing, especially in the arid and semi-arid regions of the world. The use of untreated waste water is. Waste water contains significant amounts of organic and inorganic nutrients. Soil microorganisms show increased metabolic activities under sewage effluent irrigation [28, 37]. Total nitrogen, microbial biomass C and N and microbial activities increased with increase in the time duration of waste water irrigation [37]. Concentrations of total Mg, Hg, Mo, Ca, Cu, and Cr, and available concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Cu increase significantly in soils under waste water irrigation, and the concentrations remain below the hazardous levels [37]
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