Abstract
Vitamin D might play a role in metabolic processes and obesity. We therefore examined vitamin D effects on metabolic markers and obesity in a randomized controlled trial (RCT). This is a post-hoc analysis of the Graz Vitamin D&TT-RCT, a single-center, double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial. We included 200 healthy men with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH) D) levels <75 nmol/L. Subjects received 20,000 IU of vitamin D3/week (n = 100) or placebo (n = 100) for 12 weeks. Outcome measures were metabolic markers, anthropometric measures, and body composition assessed by Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. One-hundred and ninety-two men completed the study. We found a significant treatment effect on fasting glucose/fasting insulin ratio (−5.3 (−10.4 to −0.2), p = 0.040), whereas we observed no significant effect on the remaining outcome parameters. In subgroup analyses of men with baseline 25(OH)D levels <50 nmol/L (n = 80), we found a significant effect on waist circumference (1.6 (0.3 to 2.9) cm, p = 0.012), waist-to-hip ratio (0.019 (0.002 to 0.036), p = 0.031), total body fat (0.029 (0.004 to 0.055) %, p = 0.026), and android fat (1.18 (0.11 to 2.26) %, p = 0.010). In middle-aged healthy men, vitamin D treatment had a negative effect on insulin sensitivity. In vitamin D deficient men, vitamin D has an unfavorable effect on central obesity and body composition.
Highlights
Vitamin D is well known for its effects on calcium and bone metabolism [1]
We found an unfavorable effect of vitamin D supplementation on insulin sensitivity assessed by quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) in 100 healthy middle-aged men with 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels
D treatment had a significant negative effect on fasting glucose/fasting insulin ratio, whereas no significant effect was found on the remaining metabolic parameters or body composition
Summary
There is evidence from observational studies showing an association of a poor vitamin D status with various conditions including decreased fertility [2], hypogonadism [3], obesity, metabolic disorders including insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus [4,5], and cardiovascular disease [6]. These cross-sectional associations with cardiovascular risk factors might explain why vitamin D deficient individuals are at increased risk of mortality [7,8]. Previous RCTs revealed no positive vitamin D effect
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