Abstract
Understanding the effects of climate change on weed growth and herbicide activity is important for optimizing herbicide applications for effective weed control in the future. Therefore, this study examined how climate change affects the growth of Amaranthus patulus and the efficacy of soil and foliar herbicides at different temperatures. Although the control values for A. patulus differed between herbicides and temperature, the control values increased with increasing time after the herbicide treatments. Under growth conditions in which the temperature remained constant, the efficacy of soil-applied herbicides, ethalfluralin, metolachlor, linuron, and alachlor, on A. patulus was highest when the weeds were grown at high temperature. In particular, 100% control values of A. patulus were achieved in response to metolachlor treatments at the total recommended dosage in growth chambers at 35 °C. The efficacy of foliar herbicides, glufosinate-ammonium, bentazone, and mecoprop, on A. patulus was also highest when the plant was grown at high temperature, except for glyphosate isopropylamine, which had similar efficacy rates regardless of the temperature. A. patulus was 100% controlled in response to glufosinate-ammonium, bentazone, and mecoprop at the recommended dosages in growth chambers at 30 and 35 °C. Under growth conditions in which the temperature changed from day to night, the efficacy of soil-applied herbicides, alachlor and linuron, on A. patulus was highest when the weeds were grown at high temperature. On the other hand, the efficacy of the soil-applied herbicides metolachlor and linuron on A. patulus was similar regardless of the temperature. The efficacy of foliar herbicides, glyphosate isopropylamine, glufosinate-ammonium, bentazone, and mecoprop, on A. patulus was highest when the weeds were grown at high temperature. Although herbicide efficacy varied depending on whether the weeds were grown at constant or alternating temperatures, herbicide efficacy was generally highest when the temperature was high.
Highlights
Among the many consequences of climate change, rising temperatures [1] and altered precipitation patterns are having the most significant impact on agriculture because of their ability to increase the probability of summer droughts [2,3,4]
This study examined how climate change affects the growth of A. patulus and the efficacy of soil-applied and foliar herbicides under different environmental conditions
Under growth conditions in which temperature remained constant, the efficacy of the soil-applied herbicides ethalfluralin, metolachlor, linuron, and alachlor in A. patulus was highest when the weeds were grown at high temperature
Summary
Among the many consequences of climate change, rising temperatures [1] and altered precipitation patterns are having the most significant impact on agriculture because of their ability to increase the probability of summer droughts [2,3,4]. In addition to these direct consequences of climate change, indirect consequences are expected to affect sustainability and food security [5]. Weeds respond quickly to resource changes and are more likely to adapt and flourish in various habitats owing to their greater genetic diversity and physiological plasticity than crops [8]
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