Abstract
All harvestable cereal straw cannot be collected every year in regions where wet periods are probable during the baling season, so some Swedish studies have used ’recovery coefficients’ to estimate potential harvestable amounts. Current Swedish recovery coefficients were first formulated by researchers in the early 1990s, after discussions with crop advisors, but there are no recent Swedish publications on available baling times and recovery proportions. Therefore, this study evaluated baling operations over a series of years for representative virtual farms and machine systems in four Swedish regions, to determine the available time for baling, baled straw ratio and annual variation in both. The hourly grain moisture content of pre-harvested cereals and swathed straw was estimated using moisture models and real weather data for 22/23 years, and the results were used as input to a model for simulating harvesting and baling operations. Expected available baling time during August and September was estimated to be 39–49%, depending on region, with large annual variation (standard deviation 22%). The average baling coefficient was estimated to be 80–86%, with 1400 t·year−1 harvestable straw and 15 t·h−1 baling capacity, and the annual variation was also considerable (s.d. 20%).
Highlights
Cereal straw is a sustainable and renewable resource that has been used for various purposes for centuries [1] Considerable amounts of this residue are available in many regions (e.g., [1,2,3,4]), where it can be used in the energy sector as part of the green energy supply and in efforts to mitigate climate change (e.g., [5,6])
Use of biomass and wastes in this way to contribute to a circular economy would reduce overexploitation of non-renewable resources and decrease greenhouse gas emissions (e.g., [7,9,16,17,18])
The total amounts of crop residues produced in the European Union-27 (EU-27)
Summary
Cereal straw is a sustainable and renewable resource that has been used for various purposes for centuries [1] Considerable amounts of this residue are available in many regions (e.g., [1,2,3,4]), where it can be used in the energy sector as part of the green energy supply and in efforts to mitigate climate change (e.g., [5,6]). Not all harvestable straw can be removed, as local conditions may require all or part of the straw to be incorporated into the soil, to maintain or improve soil organic matter content and cultivation properties
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