Effects of upper airway obstruction or hypoxia on gastroesophageal reflux in newborn lambs

Abstract

Although it is commonly accepted that upper airway obstruction (UAO) increases gastroesophageal reflux (GER), the link is poorly understood and insufficiently documented. In addition, while hypoxia is often encountered in infants with UAO, its consequences on GER are virtually unknown. The two aims of the present study were to characterize the effects of (1) UAO and (2) hypoxia on GER. Seventeen lambs underwent polysomnographic and esophageal impedance/pH-metry monitoring during UAO vs. a control condition (6 h, ten lambs) or 10% hypoxia vs. normoxic condition (3 h, seven other lambs). Moderate-to-severe UAO was maintained throughout monitoring (inspiratory tracheal pressure of -13 (-15, -12) cm H2O vs. -1 (-1, -1) cm H2O in control condition, p = 0.005). While the number of GERs increased with UAO (2 (1, 4) vs. 0 (0, 3) in the control condition, p = 0.03), the increase was less than anticipated and inconsistent among the lambs. Also, sustained 10% hypoxia did not alter the number of GERs (2 (1, 3) vs. 0 (0, 5) in the control condition, p = 0.9). The presence of an UAO for 6 h mildly increased the number of GERs, whereas hypoxia for 3 h had no significant effect. The effect of upper airway obstruction and hypoxia on gastroesophageal reflux is poorly documented in the neonatal period. A moderate-to-severe upper airway obstruction for 6 h results in a mild, inconsistent increase in the number of gastroesophageal refluxes. Overall, a hypoxia of 10% for 3 h had no significant impact on gastroesophageal reflux. The prescription of an antireflux medication in infants with upper airway obstruction must not be systematic but rely on objective signs of a pathologic gastroesophageal reflux.