Abstract
The literature is inconsistent as to how coffee affects metabolic syndrome (MetS), and which bioactive compounds are responsible for its metabolic effects. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of unfiltered coffee on diet-induced MetS and investigate whether or not phenolic acids and trigonelline are the main bioactive compounds in coffee. Twenty-four male Sprague‒Dawley rats were fed a high-fat (35% W/W) diet plus 20% W/W fructose in drinking water for 14 weeks, and were randomized into three groups: control, coffee, or nutraceuticals (5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, caffeic acid, and trigonelline). Coffee or nutraceuticals were provided in drinking water at a dosage equal to 4 cups/day in a human. Compared to the controls, total food intake (p = 0.023) and mean body weight at endpoint (p = 0.016) and estimated average plasma glucose (p = 0.041) were lower only in the coffee group. Surrogate measures of insulin resistance including the overall fasting insulin (p = 0.010), endpoint HOMA-IR (p = 0.022), and oral glucose tolerance (p = 0.029) were improved in the coffee group. Circulating triglyceride levels were lower (p = 0.010), and histopathological and quantitative (p = 0.010) measurements indicated lower grades of liver steatosis compared to controls after long-term coffee consumption. In conclusion, a combination of phenolic acids and trigonelline was not as effective as coffee per se in improving the components of the MetS. This points to the role of other coffee chemicals and a potential synergism between compounds.
Highlights
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) encompasses a constellation of cardiometabolic risk factors, i.e., visceral adiposity, glucose intolerance, elevated blood pressure, and dyslipidemia, defined to helpNutrients 2018, 10, 1547; doi:10.3390/nu10101547 www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrientsNutrients 2018, 10, 1547 identify people at increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) [1].Long-term follow-up studies have indicated that MetS can predict the future risk of cardiovascular mortality [2]
The overall food intake during the intervention period (AUC) was lower in the coffee group compared to the control group
The body weight of the rats in the coffee group started to split from the control rats with a significantly lower slope of increase
Summary
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) encompasses a constellation of cardiometabolic risk factors, i.e., visceral adiposity, glucose intolerance, elevated blood pressure, and dyslipidemia, defined to helpNutrients 2018, 10, 1547; doi:10.3390/nu10101547 www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrientsNutrients 2018, 10, 1547 identify people at increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) [1].Long-term follow-up studies have indicated that MetS can predict the future risk of cardiovascular mortality [2]. Nutrients 2018, 10, 1547 identify people at increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) [1]. Visceral adiposity and the concomitant insulin resistance (IR) are the driving forces behind the metabolic derangements of the MetS [3]. Since this syndrome affects 25% of the world’s population [4], effective preventive measures will confer immense public health benefits. Evidence is convincing that coffee consumption diminishes the risk of all-cause mortality as well as several types of cancer, cardiovascular disease, chronic liver disease, Parkinson’s disease, and T2D, while the risk of urinary tract and lung cancer can slightly be increased [5]. To understand how coffee affects the risk of T2D, it is necessary to study its effects on T2D risk factors clustered in the definition of MetS
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