Effects of two sterol-inhibiting fungicides on populations of pest and beneficial arthropods on apple

Abstract

This research demonstrated that sterol-inhibiting fungicides alter the population structure of some pest and beneficial arthropods in apple orchards. Orchard populations of European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch) (Acarina: Tetranychidae); the predacious mite, Typhlodromus caudiglans Schuster (Acarina: Phytoseiidae); the spotted tentiform leafminer, Phyllonorycter blancardella Fabr. (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae); the leafminer parasite Pholetesor ornigis Weed (Hymenoptera: Braconidae); the green apple aphid, Aphis pomi DeGeer (Homoptera: Aphididae); white apple leafhopper, Typhlocyba pomaria McAtee (Homoptera: Cicadellidae); Campylomma verbasci Meyer (Hemiptera: Miridae); chalcids, primarily Sympiesis sericeicornis Nees (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae), were monitored for two growing seasons in a McIntosh apple orchard that had received applications, at 2-week intervals, of two sterol-inhibiting fungicides, bitertanol and flusilazole. High rates of flusilazole were associated with increased numbers of European red mite and decreased numbers of predacious mite species, particularly T. caudiglans. Trees receiving a high rate of bitertanol had fewer European red mites and predacious mite species. Fungicides did not influence spotted tentiform leafminer oviposition or the number of leafminer larvae in May and June 1985. However, in September 1985 there were fewer leafminer pupae in plots treated with the two lower rates of flusilazole and more larvae in plots treated with the high rate of bitertanol, relative to trees sprayed with captan. In 1986, there were more leafminer eggs in plots treated with the low rate of bitertanol compared with captan and non-sprayed trees. However, by 24 June, all treatments showed similar levels of leafminer larvae and pupae. Populations of P. ornigis were generally higher in trees treated with flusilazole in both years. Numbers of aphids and mullein bug were higher in trees treated with flusilazole relative to non-sprayed and captan-treated trees. Chalcid populations were higher in bitertanol-treated trees. Fungicides had no apparent effect on populations of white apple leafhopper.