Abstract
Rhodiola rosea (Rro) has been reported to have various pharmacological properties, including anti-fatigue, anti-stress and anti-inflammatory activity. It is also known to improve glucose and lipid metabolism, but the effects of Rhodiola rosea on adipocyte differentiation and metabolism are not still elucidated. In this study the anti-adipogenic and lipolytic activity of two extracts of Rhodiola rosea, containing 3% salidroside (RS) or 1% salidroside and 3% rosavines (RR) on primary human visceral adipocytes was investigated. Pre-adipocytes were analyzed after 10 and 20 days of treatment during differentiation and after 7 days of treatment when they reached mature shape. The RS extract significantly induced higher apoptosis and lipolysis in comparison to control cells and to RR extract. In contrast, RR extract significantly reduced triglyceride incorporation during maturation. Differentiation of pre-adipocytes in the presence of RS and RR extracts showed a significant decrease in expression of genes involved in adipocyte function such as SLC2A4 and the adipogenic factor FGF2 and significant increase in expression of genes involved in inhibition of adipogenesis, such as GATA3, WNT3A, WNT10B. Furthermore RR extract, in contrast to RS, significantly down-regulates PPARG, the master regulator of adipogenesis and FABP4. These data support the lipolytic and anti-adipogenetic activity of two different commercial extracts of Rhodiola rosea in primary human visceral pre-adipocytes during differentiation.
Highlights
Many natural phytonutrients have been recognized to have beneficial effects on health and several botanicals have received positive attention for their antiadipogenic and metabolic effects in animals and humans [1,2]
The increase of body fat is due to an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure and natural products can be useful to decrease lipid absorption, energy intake, lipogenesis, pre-adipocyte differentiation and proliferation, or to increase energy expenditure and lipolysis [3,4]
Extracts, the data showed that cell viability on pre-adipocytes for 10 days (P10) and P20 cells significantly (p < 0.001) decreased in a dose-dependent manner (Table 1), and that the viability measured at a dose of 70 μg/mL was always significantly different from other doses
Summary
Many natural phytonutrients have been recognized to have beneficial effects on health and several botanicals have received positive attention for their antiadipogenic and metabolic effects in animals and humans [1,2]. The increase of body fat is due to an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure and natural products can be useful to decrease lipid absorption, energy intake, lipogenesis, pre-adipocyte differentiation and proliferation, or to increase energy expenditure and lipolysis [3,4]. These properties are reported for specific flavonoids [5], such as chlorogenic acid from green coffee bean [6] and carnosic acid in rosemary [7,8]. The Rro belongs to the family of Crassulaceae, genus Rhodiola, and includes more than 100 different species, at least 20 of which are used in traditional Asian medicine [11,12]
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