Abstract
Triazole fungicides can manifest toxicity to a wide range of non-target organisms. Within this study we present a systematic review of the effects produced on the soil microbiota and activity of soil enzymes by the following triazole fungicides: cyproconazole, difenoconazole, epoxiconazole, flutriafol, hexaconazole, metconazole, myclobutanil, paclobutrazole, propiconazole, tebuconazole, tetraconazole, triadimenol, triadimefon, and triticonazole. Known effects of the triazole fungicides on the soil activity are dose dependent. High doses of triazole fungicides strongly affects the structure of the microbial communities in soil and usually decrease the soil microbial population and the activities of enzymes found in soil.
Highlights
Pesticides are heterogeneous chemicals used widely in agriculture
The scientific literature that we have identified reveals that the most studied triazole fungicides regarding their effects on the soil microbiota and on the activities of enzymes found in soil are the tebuconazole and the propiconazole, the most widely used fungicides in the United States in 2016 [62]
Information regarding the mode of action and target microorganisms of the triazole fungicides, added to information about their potential non-target effects on the soil microorganisms and on the activities of soil enzymes, should be considered when selecting the fungicide to be used in agricultural practices [54]
Summary
Pesticides are heterogeneous chemicals used widely in agriculture. Their design as bioactive molecules to exterminate different animal, vegetal, or fungal species implies that they are toxic by definition [1]. The molecular structure and physicochemical properties of the fungicides greatly determines their degrees of interaction with the environment These properties, together with the properties of the soil, are very important for the fungicide’s action and are linked to their mobility and persistence in the soil [19]. All these properties are important for both their efficiency as fungicides as well as for their effects on the soil microorganisms and on the activity of enzymes found in the soil. Due to the persistence of these fungicides in soil, it becomes important to investigate their effect on the soil microbial growth, survival, and activity
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