Effects of Tractor Passes on Hydrological and Soil Erosion Processes in Tilled and Grassed Vineyards

Giorgio Capello,Eugenio Cavallo,Marcella Biddoccu,Stefano Ferraris

doi:10.3390/w11102118

Abstract

Soil erosion is affected by rainfall temporal patterns and intensity variability. In vineyards, machine traffic is implemented with particular intensity from late spring to harvest, and it is responsible for soil compaction, which likely affects soil hydraulic properties, runoff, and soil erosion. Additionally, the hydraulic and physical properties of soil are highly influenced by vineyards’ inter-rows soil management. The effects on soil compaction and both hydrological and erosional processes of machine traffic were investigated on a sloping vineyard with different inter-row soil managements (tillage and permanent grass cover) in the Alto Monferrato area (Piedmont, NW Italy). During the investigation (November 2016–October 2018), soil water content, rainfall, runoff, and soil erosion were continuously monitored. Field-saturated hydraulic conductivity, soil penetration resistance, and bulk density were recorded periodically in portions of inter-rows affected and not affected by the machine traffic. Very different yearly precipitation characterized the observed period, leading to higher bulk density and lower infiltration rates in the wetter year, especially in the tilled vineyard, whereas soil penetration resistance was generally higher in the grassed plot and in drier conditions. In the wet year, management with grass cover considerably reduced runoff (−76%) and soil loss (−83%) compared to tillage and in the dry season. Those results highlight the need to limit the tractor traffic, in order to reduce negative effects due to soil compaction, especially in tilled inter-rows.

Highlights

Viticulture represents one of the most important agricultural activities worldwide, covering, at a global scale in 2018, 7.4 million ha [1]
This study aimed to investigate the blended effects of soil management and tractor traffic on the spatial and temporal variability of soil compaction and both hydrological and erosional processes
The first year observed during the present study was characterized by cumulated precipitation lower than the Mean Annual Precipitation (MAP) (569 mm, 67% of MAP)

Summary

Introduction

Viticulture represents one of the most important agricultural activities worldwide, covering, at a global scale in 2018, 7.4 million ha [1]. The vineyard agro-ecosystem needs to be carefully managed to preserve essential resources such as soil and water, and its overall socio-economic and environmental sustainability [3]. A growing attention was paid to the impacts of agricultural activities on the ecosystem services, defined as “the direct and indirect contributions of ecosystems to human well-being” [4]. Such ecosystem services are negatively affected by soil degradation, namely soil compaction and soil erosion, offsite contamination, biodiversity reduction, and pressure on water resources [5,6,7]. Soil erosion and soil compaction were identified as two of the major threats that affect worldwide agricultural soils

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Conclusion