Abstract
The effects of titanium (Ti) ion-implanted doses on the chemical composition, surface roughness, mechanical properties, as well as tribological properties of 316L austenitic stainless steel are investigated in this paper. The Ti ion implantations were carried out at an energy of 40 kV and at 2 mA for different doses of 3.0 × 1016, 1.0 × 1017, 1.0 × 1018, and 1.7 × 1018 ions/cm2. The results showed that a new phase (Cr2Ti) was detected, and the concentrations of Ti and C increased obviously when the dose exceeded 1.0 × 1017 ions/cm2. The surface roughness can be significantly reduced after Ti ion implantation. The nano-hardness increased from 3.44 to 5.21 GPa at a Ti ion-implanted dose increase up to 1.0 × 1018 ions/cm2. The friction coefficient decreased from 0.78 for un-implanted samples to 0.68 for a sample at the dose of 1.7 × 1018 ions/cm2. The wear rate was slightly improved when the sample implanted Ti ion at a dose of 1.0 × 1018 ions/cm2. Adhesive wear and oxidation wear are the main wear mechanisms, and a slightly abrasive wear is observed during sliding. Oxidation wear was improved significantly as the implantation dose increased.
Highlights
Austenitic stainless steel has been widely applied in various industries, such as food processing, chemical engineering, and biomaterial applications, for its excellent resistance to corrosion [1,2,3]
The chemical composition, surface morphology, surface hardness, and wear properties of 316L stainless steel implanted with different doses of Ti ions are investigated
When the dose of Ti ion implantation was more than 1.0 × 1017 ions/cm2, a new phase Cr2 Ti was detected in the samples with the detection accuracy limitation of XRD
Summary
Austenitic stainless steel has been widely applied in various industries, such as food processing, chemical engineering, and biomaterial applications, for its excellent resistance to corrosion [1,2,3]. Many studies have been conducted to improve its mechanical properties and tribological properties [1,5,6,7]. Ion implantation could change the chemical composition and microstructure of the materials surface and could help improve its tribological properties [13,14], corrosion resistance [15,16], and oxidation resistance [17]. It is reported that titanium (Ti) ion implantation could improve the wear resistance of several different steels through the formation of an amorphous surface layer [8,13].
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