Abstract
A hydroxyapatite scaffold is a suitable biomaterial for bone tissue engineering due to its chemical component which mimics native bone. Electronic states which present on the surface of hydroxyapatite have the potential to be used to promote the adsorption or transduction of biomolecules such as protein or DNA. This study aimed to compare the morphology and bioactivity of sinter and nonsinter marine-based hydroxyapatite scaffolds. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and micro-computed tomography (microCT) were used to characterize the morphology of both scaffolds. Scaffolds were co-cultured with 5 × 104/cm2 of MC3T3-E1 preosteoblast cells for 7, 14, and 21 days. FESEM was used to observe the cell morphology, and MTT and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) assays were conducted to determine the cell viability and differentiation capacity of cells on both scaffolds. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (rtPCR) was used to identify the expression of osteoblast markers. The sinter scaffold had a porous microstructure with the presence of interconnected pores as compared with the nonsinter scaffold. This sinter scaffold also significantly supported viability and differentiation of the MC3T3-E1 preosteoblast cells (p < 0.05). The marked expression of Col1α1 and osteocalcin (OCN) osteoblast markers were also observed after 14 days of incubation (p < 0.05). The sinter scaffold supported attachment, viability, and differentiation of preosteoblast cells. Hence, sinter hydroxyapatite scaffold from nacreous layer is a promising biomaterial for bone tissue engineering.
Highlights
Bone defects from trauma, as well as congenital and pathological disease are areas of concern in dentistry
Presence of irregular as micropores scattered the particles appears as a black halo
Our results indicated that the sinter scaffolds with an average pore size of about 308 μm were within the suggested range, and showed better cell attachment, morphology, and proliferation
Summary
Bone defects from trauma, as well as congenital and pathological disease are areas of concern in dentistry. There are various treatment modalities commonly practiced including bone grafts [1]. There are a few bone grafts available such as autograft, allograft, xenograft, and bone substitutes. Autograft is harvesting bone from one site and transplanting to another site of the body in the same individual. Autograft is still considered to be the “gold standard” for treatment of bone defects with reported success rates as high as 95% [2]. Since the bone is harvested from the same patient, the risk of immunoreaction and disease transmission are minimal [1]. Children are far more affected by this treatment option as they can suffer from complications after surgery which indirectly
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