Effects of the hallucinogen 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenethylamine (2C-I) and superpotent N-benzyl derivatives on the head twitch response

Abstract

N-benzyl substitution markedly enhances the affinity of phenethylamine hallucinogens at the 5-HT2A receptor. N-benzyl substituted derivatives of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenethylamine (2C-I), such as N-(2-methoxybenzyl)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenethylamine (25I-NBOMe) and N-(2,3-methylenedioxybenzyl)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenethylamine (25I-NBMD), have appeared recently as designer drugs, but have not been characterized behaviorally. The head twitch response (HTR) is induced by 5-HT2A receptor activation in rats and mice, and is widely used as a behavioral proxy for hallucinogen effects in humans. Nevertheless, it is not clear whether phenethylamine hallucinogens reliably provoke this behavior. Hence, we investigated whether 2C-I, 25I-NBOMe and 25I-NBMD induce head twitches in C57BL/6J mice. The HTR was assessed using a head-mounted magnet and a magnetometer coil. 2C-I (1–10 mg/kg SC), 25I-NBOMe (0.1–1 mg/kg SC), and 25I-NBMD (1–10 mg/kg SC) induced the HTR. 25I-NBOMe displayed 14-fold higher potency than 2C-I, and the selective 5-HT2A antagonist M100,907 completely blocked the HTR induced by all three compounds. These findings show that phenethylamine hallucinogens induce the HTR by activating 5-HT2A receptors. Our results demonstrate that 25I-NBOMe is a highly potent derivative of 2C-I, confirming previous in vitro findings that N-benzyl substitution increases 5-HT2A affinity. Given the high potency and ease of synthesis of N-benzylphenethylamines, it is likely that the recreational use of these hallucinogens will become more widespread in the future.