Abstract
BackgroundThe German energy transition strategy calls for a reform of the German energy sector. As a result, the German Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG) passed in 2000 is widely regarded as successful legislation for promoting bioenergy development. More than 1000 biogas plants were constructed in Central Germany (CG) between 2000 and 2014. Despite this, few studies have been conducted for this period, which systematically investigate how environmental, social and economic factors, as well as various EEG amendments have impacted biogas production or what the environmental consequences of biogas production development in CG have been.MethodsThe impacts of environmental, social and economic factors and different EEG amendments on biogas production decisions in CG were quantified using a multivariate linear regression model and the event study econometric technique. A GIS-based spatial analysis was also conducted to provide insight into the changes to agricultural land use that resulted from the development of biogas plants during the EEG period.ResultsThe main finding was that the income diversification effect resulting from biogas production was the most important factor in a farmer’s decision to adopt biogas production. In addition, all of the EEG amendments had a significant influence on the adoption of biogas production; however, EEG III and IV, which tried to promote small-scale plants, were unable to reduce the average size of the plants constructed in these two amendment periods. From a landscape perspective, there was a striking increase in the cultivation of silage maize in CG from 2000 to 2014. Silage maize was intensively cultivated in regions with a high installed biogas plant capacity. Since the first EEG amendment, permanent grassland area slightly increased while arable land area declined in CG.ConclusionsThe adoption of biogas production in CG was strongly driven by economic incentives for the farmers, more precisely, by the incentive to diversify their income sources. In addition to increase the subsidy, future EEG amendments should find new measures to encourage the adoption of small-scale biogas plants, which had been unsuccessful in EEG amendments III and IV.
Highlights
The German energy transition strategy calls for a reform of the German energy sector
Given that around two-thirds of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions come from energy production and utilization, a transition from fossil fuels to lowcarbon solutions could have played a vital role in climate change mitigation [4]
The current study aims to both empirically and spatially analyzing: (1) the effects of environmental, social and economic factors on biogas production decisions at a county level in Central Germany (CG); (2) the impacts of Energy Sources Act (EEG) 2000, EEG 2004, EEG 2009 and EEG 2012 (EEG I, EEG II, EEG III and EEG IV, respectively) on biogas production decisions and agricultural land use change in CG
Summary
The German energy transition strategy calls for a reform of the German energy sector. The German Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG) passed in 2000 is widely regarded as successful legislation for promoting bioenergy development. In 2016, the German government set out new goals in its Climate Action Plan 2050, which aim to reduce GHG emissions by at least 55% by 2030, 70% by 2040, and 80–95% by 2050 compared to the 1990 levels [3]. The German energy transition strategy (German: Energiewende) focuses on a nuclear phase-out, reduction in fossil fuels and a sustainable promotion of renewable energies [5]. Major efforts towards reaching these goals have made Germany a pioneer in the energy reform sector and a leader of the broader worldwide energy transition [6, 7]
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