Effects of the Caputo fractional derivatives on convective flow in wavy vented enclosures filled with a porous medium using Al2O3‐Cu hybrid nanofluids

Abstract

AbstractThis paper studies the effect of fractional derivatives on the fractional convective flow of hybrid nanofluids in a wavy enclosure that has inlet and outlet parts near the left wall and is filled with a porous medium. The Caputo definition of the fractional derivatives is applied on the partial differential equations governing flow. The complex shape is mapped to a rectangular domain using appropriate transformations. The finite difference method is used to solve the resulting system. The results showed that an increase in order of the fractional derivatives causes a low activity of the fluid flow and a reduction in the rate of heat transfer. Also, an increase in the nanoparticles volume fractions reduces the activity of the fluid flow and, as a result, the rate of heat transfer is diminished. An enhancement in fluid motion and rate of the heat transfer is obtained by increasing the amplitude of the wavy wall.