Effects of thawing-induced softening on fracture behaviors of frozen rock

Abstract

Due to the presence of ice and unfrozen water in pores of frozen rock, the rock fracture behaviors are susceptible to temperature. In this study, the potential thawing-induced softening effects on the fracture behaviors of frozen rock is evaluated by testing the tension fracture toughness (KIC) of frozen rock at different temperatures (i.e. −20 °C, −15 °C, −12 °C, −10 °C, −8 °C, −6 °C, −4 °C, −2 °C, and 0 °C). Acoustic emission (AE) and digital image correlation (DIC) methods are utilized to analyze the microcrack propagation during fracturing. The melting of pore ice is measured using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method. The results indicate that: (1) The KIC of frozen rock decreases moderately between −20 °C and −4 °C, and rapidly between −4 °C and 0 °C. (2) At −20 °C to −4 °C, the fracturing process, deduced from the DIC results at the notch tip, exhibits three stages: elastic deformation, microcrack propagation and microcrack coalescence. However, at −4 °C–0 °C, only the latter two stages are observed. (3) At −4 °C–0 °C, the AE activities during fracturing are less than that at −20 °C to −4 °C, while more small events are reported. (4) The NMR results demonstrate a reverse variation trend in pore ice content with increasing temperature, that is, a moderate decrease is followed by a sharp decrease and −4 °C is exactly the critical temperature. Next, we interpret the thawing-induced softening effect by linking the evolution in microscopic structure of frozen rock with its macroscopic fracture behaviors as follow: from −20 °C to −4 °C, the thickening of the unfrozen water film diminishes the cementation strength between ice and rock skeleton, leading to the decrease in fracture parameters. From −4 °C to 0 °C, the cementation effect of ice almost vanishes, and the filling effect of pore ice is reduced significantly, which facilitates microcrack propagation and thus the easier fracture of frozen rocks.