Abstract
The relationship between temperature-specific (11.3–27.1°C) rates of yolk utilization and temperature preference of California grunion, Leuresthes tenuis (Ayres), have been compared. Yolk-sac larvae experienced difficulty metabolizing protein at and above 25°C, and below 15°C they encountered problems with fat metabolism. These temperatures limited the range for normal embryonic development. The oil globule persisted longer than the yolk and may provide buoyancy to the anterior end as well as energy. Thermoregulatory precision increased with number of days post-hatching. Yolk-sac larvae preferred ≈ 25°C; this temperature minimized duration of the yolk-sac stage but was outside the range for maximum growth efficiency (18–23°C). Following yolk resorption, non-feeding larvae preferred 18°C, which conserved energy but still maximized growth efficiency. Until at least 69 days post-hatching, larvae past the yolk-sac stage selected temperatures that maximized growth efficiency. Physiological and behavioural results indicate that larvae selected cooler temperatures when not feeding. This has been discussed and related to an apparent general adaptive behaviour to maximize bioenergetic efficiency.
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