Abstract
Binary Ti alloys containing Fe, Mo, V and Zr were micro-arc oxidized and hydrothermally treated to obtain micro- and nano-porous layers. This study aimed to investigate cell differentiation on micro and micro/nanoporous oxide layers of Ti alloys. The properties of the porous layer formed on Ti alloys were characterized by X-ray diffraction pattern, microstructural and elemental analyses and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) method. The MTT assay, total protein production and alkaline phosphatase (ALPase) activity were evaluated using human osteoblast-like cells (MG-63). Microporous structures of micro-arc oxidized Ti alloys were changed to micro/nanoporous surfaces after hydrothermal treatment. Micro/nanoporous surfaces consisted of acicular TiO2 nanoparticles and micron-sized hydroxyapatite particles. From ICP and MTT tests, the Mo and V ions released from porous oxide layers were positive for cell viability, while the released Fe ions were negative for cell viability. Although the micro/nanoporous surfaces led to a lower total protein content than the polished and microporous Ti surfaces after cell incubation for 7 days, they caused higher ALPase activities after 7 days and 14 days of incubation except for V-containing microporous surfaces. The micro/nanoporous surfaces of Ti alloys were more efficient in inducing MG-63 cell differentiation.
Highlights
Titanium (Ti) has been used as a dental prosthetic material due to its biocompatibility and good corrosion resistance
In order to increase bioactivity, the Ca and P ions were incorporated in the microporous oxide layers of binary Ti alloys containing Fe, Mo, V or Zr element using micro-arc oxidized (MAO) process
By hydrothermal treatment of the microporous layer, the bioactivity of hydroxyapatite and hydrophilicity of the micro/nanoporous surface were achieved in order to increase cell differentiation
Summary
Titanium (Ti) has been used as a dental prosthetic material due to its biocompatibility and good corrosion resistance. Ti is bioinert in terms of its ability to bond with bone tissue. In order to improve osseointegration between Ti implant surface and bone tissue, various surface treatment techniques have been developed, such as SLA (sand blasted with large grit, and acid-etched), RBM (resorbable blasting media), laser ablation [1] and hydroxyapatite coating [2,3]. Among the surface treatment techniques, micro-arc oxidation has advantages in terms of promising surface modification and good bond strength between the oxide layer and the substrate, and it offers a wide range of coating materials [2]. Bioactive hydroxyapatite (HAp) was formed on the oxide layer through micro-arc oxidation and hydrothermal treatment of pure Ti and Ti-6Al-4V alloys using an electrolyte containing. Sul et al and Vandrovcová et al have reported that the microporous Ti implant surface enhanced the differentiation of osteoblast cells due to increased surface area contacting the bone [1,6]
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