Abstract
For the experiment, 8 newborn male Holstein calves were selected that had the same feeding environment, and were of similar ages. They were randomly divided into 2 groups, with 4 in each group. The treatments consisted of feeding active probiotics (Group P) and a normal fed control group (Group C). The growth performance and blood indices were measured; rumen fluid samples were collected after weaning, and 16SrDNA sequencing and LC-MS metabolome detection were performed. Compared with the control group, relative abundances of Deltaproteobacteria, Desulfovibrionales, Bacteroidales_ BS11_gut_group, Desulfovibrionaceae, Bacteroidales_S24-7_group, Acetobacteraceae, Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group, Asaia, [Ruminococcus] gauvreauii_group, Desulfovibrio, Kingella, Selenomonas, Lachnoclostridium in group P were significantly different (P of 2-methylbenzoic acid and myo-inositol were significantly increased (P 0.05). These results showed that compared with normally fed calves, the growth performance and blood indices of probiotic-fed calves were changed, but the differences were not significant. Probiotic-fed calves showed significant differences in rumen fluid and a small number of metabolites, which were mainly involved in the pathway of carbohydrate metabolism. It proves that the supplemental active probiotics had an effect on the rumen microflora.
Highlights
The concept of probiotics may have originated from the theory first proposed by the Nobel laureate Russian scientist Metchnikoff
In group P, the metabolite of 2-methylbenzoic acid and myo-inositol were significantly increased (P < 0.05). These results showed that compared with normally fed calves, the growth performance and blood indices of probiotic-fed calves were changed, but the differences were not significant
Probiotics are defined as non-pathogenic microorganisms, which have a positive effect on the health or physiology of the host when ingested
Summary
Fuller defines probiotics as living microbial feed additives that beneficially affect host animals by improving microbial balance. Probiotics are defined as non-pathogenic microorganisms, which have a positive effect on the health or physiology of the host when ingested. They restore and maintain the balance of ideal microorganisms during stress or disease, and promote the growth of young animals [4]. Probiotics are widely used as feed additives in livestock and have been defined as non-pathogenic microorganisms They aim to improve productivity and disease prevention by maintaining a healthy gastrointestinal environment and improving the intestinal tract [6]. The exact mechanism by which probiotics exert their beneficial effects has not been fully elucidated
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