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Abstract
ABSTRACTThe study was to ascertain the feasibility of using rice straw fermented by Trichoderma as ruminant roughage. Three species or three strains of Trichoderma (NTLg-Te S5-1, NTLg-Te S9-1, and Tien Chung Ca6-1) were used to inoculate hot water-sterilized rice straw. Result showed that rice straw fermented with Trichoderma NTLg-Te S5-1 had the highest cellulase and xylanase activity. Antioxidant ferulic acid content of water extract was improved after fermentation. Eighteen Barbados sheep were randomly distributed into one of three dietary groups. Ration of Bermuda hay group (BER) is 90% Bermuda hay with 10% concentrate. Unfermented rice straw (RS) group and fermented rice straw (FRS) group substituted 25% of Bermuda hay with rice straw or fermented rice straw. Dry matter intake, daily weight gain, blood analysis, and feed conversion ratio were not significantly different among groups after 4 weeks of trial. Dry matter digestibility of BER was the highest, and of FRS was significantly higher than RS. Malondialdehyde (MDA) content in serum of FRS and BER was lower than RS. These results indicated that 25% substitution of Bermuda hay with Trichoderma-fermented rice straw in the diet of Barbados sheep could increase digestibility and inhibit lipid oxidation when compared to unfermented rice straw.
Highlights
Rice (Oryza sativa) straw is a by-product from rice production, and a common problem in Taiwan, where production could reach 1.58 million tons per year
Rice straw fermented by Trichoderma NTLg-Te S5-1 had the highest cellulase (14.0 U/g DM) and xylanase (278.2 U/g DM) activity, as well as the highest concentration of pentose (38.2 mg/g DM) and hexose (60.3 mg/g DM); Trichoderma NTLg-Te S5-1 was used for further fermentation
The results in this study showed that rice straw fermented by Trichoderma NTLg-Te S5-1 had a lower level of NDF (74.0–67.5%) and ADF (47.8–44.6%, Table 3), respectively
Summary
Rice (Oryza sativa) straw is a by-product from rice production, and a common problem in Taiwan, where production could reach 1.58 million tons per year. Burial and incineration were common solutions for consuming the rice straw, though the firm structure of rice straw made it hard to be degraded in landfills and could carry plant disease to the cultivation (Irfan et al, 2014). Though rice straw could be consumed as feed by ruminant animals, the low digestibility owing to its high fibre and lignin content is the main drawback to widespread application. The nutrient value of the rice straw could be elevated after solid state fermentation by lignocellulytic fungi, owing to the ability of fungi to excrete cell wall degrading enzymes (Chu et al, 2017; Lin et al, 2017). Other specific enzymes like swollenin and acetyl xylan esterase have been proven to possess synergy activity with cellulase and xylanase, which may be the factors accounting for its high enzyme activity (Zhou et al, 2011; Neumüller et al, 2014)
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