Effects of Steric Bulk and Conformational Rigidity on Fatty Acid Omega Hydroxylation by a Cytochrome P450 4A1 Fusion Protein

Abstract

The action of cytochrome P450 4A1 (CYP4A1) on fatty acid substrates is characterized by a pronounced regioselectivity for ω-hydroxylation. To elucidate the chemical basis of this specificity we probed the active site of a CYP4A1 fusion protein (f4A1) with bulky and/or rigid analogs of lauric acid, the optimum natural substrate for f4A1 and CYP4A1. f4A1 efficiently ω-hydroxylates lauric acid, epoxidizes 11-dodecenoic acid, and oxidizes 11-dodecynoic acid to 1,12-dodecanedioic acid. Medium length fatty acids having ω-terminal groups as large ast-butyl orm-tolyloxy bind tightly to f4A1 as Type I ligands and are efficiently hydroxylated on their methyl termini. ω-Phenylnonanoic acid also induces a Type I binding spectrum (Ks= 0.77 μm) but fails to undergo hydroxylation and strongly inhibits lauric acid hydroxylation by f4A1. Slightly shorter acids such as ω-phenyloctanoic acid, naproxen, and ibuprofen also strongly inhibit lauric acid hydroxylation but do not induce a Type I spectrum and do not undergo hydroxylation. Like 10-methoxydecanoic acid, the rigid and rod-like 4′-methoxy-4-biphenylcarboxylic acid is O-demethylated by f4A1, which also ω-hydroxylatesm- andp-heptyloxybenzoic acids but notm- orp-amyloxyhydrocinnamic acids. The histamine antagonist cimetidine and the peroxisome proliferator perfluorodecanoic acid are both potent inhibitors of f4A1. Thus the active site of f4A1 is quite tolerant of steric bulk and rigidity around the heme region and the polar group recognition site, but perhaps less so in the midchain region. Although CYP4A enzymes are not usually regarded as “drug metabolizing P450s,” the fact that commonly used therapeutic agents strongly inhibit lauric acid ω-hydroxylation by f4A1 as well as liver microsomes from clofibrate-induded rats suggests these and related agents could potentially interfere with the contribution of CYP4A enzymes to the metabolism of endogenous lipids.