Effects of Stepwise Microwave Synergistic Process Water Recirculation During Hydrothermal Carbonization on Properties of Wheat Straw

Xinyan Zhang,Wenlong Wang,Xian Liu,Qingyu Qin

doi:10.3389/fenrg.2022.846752

Xinyan Zhang, Wenlong Wang + Show 2 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2022.846752

Copy DOI

Abstract

In this study, wheat straw (WS) was treated using two-step synergistic techniques, which were process water recirculation (PWR) during hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) and microwave energy activation (MEA). The physicochemical properties of solid and liquid products during the process of HTC PWR were characterized. The temperature-rising properties, yields, and fuel properties of hydrochar after MEA were explored. Then the optimal technique conditions were explored. When HTC PWR was twice, the carbon content (55.59%) and higher heating value (21.72 MJ/kg) were the highest, and the ash content (1.93%) and the O/C and H/C ratios were the lowest. When HTC PWR was three times, the fixed carbon content, mass yield, and energy yield were the highest: 18.53%, 58.25%, and 71.84%, respectively. Many more carbon microspheres and pores appeared on the surface of hydrochar after PWR, which could improve the fuel characteristics and mass yield. After HTC PWR, the concentration of organic acids and HMF in liquid by-products increased, which was conducive to the increase of carbon content and mass yield. The best effect was HTC PWR twice or three times. With the increase of microwave power or the extension of microwave activation duration, the temperature-rising properties of hydrochar significantly increased, and the mass and energy yields decreased. The volatile contents of hydrochar decreased and their fixed carbon contents and HHV increased with the increase of microwave power. The properties of hydrochar could be improved when MEA was 900 W or 1000 W for 4 min. Therefore, MEA had significant effects on the properties of hydrochar after different PWR conditions.

Highlights

Straw is a kind of abundant biomass resource, containing micronutrients, nutrient elements, and organic carbon (Cui et al, 2018)
The results show that when process water recirculation (PWR) is the first time, the mass yield of hydrochar increases by 12%, and its higher heating value (HHV) increases by 2%
The mass yield (58.25%) of hydrochar was the highest in the condition of hydrothermal carbonization (HTC)-PWR3, which increased by 14.91% compared with that in HTC-PWR0

Summary

Introduction

Straw is a kind of abundant biomass resource, containing micronutrients, nutrient elements, and organic carbon (Cui et al, 2018). Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) can produce a carbon source which is an effective thermochemical conversion process (Stemann et al, 2013a; Ghaziaskar et al, 2019). It is a mild temperature (180–260°S) and pressure (~2–6 MP) reaction in an aqueous solution, converting lignocellulosic biomass into high energy density solid fuel (Funke and Ziegler, 2010; Reza et al, 2013; Libra et al, 2014; Uddin et al, 2014). The continuous use of freshwater will cause a waste of water resources All these problems restrict the application of the HTC technique. It is necessary to adopt reasonable ways of process water disposal to improve the economic and environmental benefits of this technique (Weiner et al, 2014; Wang et al, 2019)

Methods

Results

Conclusion