Abstract
Strain sensors can indicate the conditions of concrete structures, but these sensors are only capable of measuring local behaviors of materials. To solve this problem, researchers have introduced conductive materials that can monitor the overall behavior of concrete structures. Steelmaking slag, which contains large amounts of iron oxide (Fe2O3), is conductive, and researchers have considered the addition of this material to improve concrete monitoring. In this study, mechanical and electrical properties of concrete containing steelmaking slag as a binder were evaluated. As the incorporation of steelmaking slag increased, the setting times were delayed, but the compressive strengths were similar within the replacement ratio of 15%. It was found that the addition of steelmaking slag with Fe2O3, the main ingredient of magnetite (Fe3O4), improved the electrical resistivity, piezoresistivity, and sensitivity of the concrete. Drying of the concretes resulted in an increase in electrical resistance and fractional change in resistivity (FCR). Expansion of steelmaking slag, due to contacting of free CaO and moisture under repeated loads, resulted in cracks in the concrete and affected the gauge factor (GF). This study demonstrates the possibility that the addition of steelmaking slag as a binder may provide an economical and environmentally-friendly solution to concrete strain monitoring.
Highlights
As concrete technology improves, concrete structures are lasting longer and are subject to material deterioration and changing environments, including climate [1,2,3]
Concrete subjected to external force changes electrical characteristics depending on the conductive material incorporated, and the electrical piezoresistivity concrete can be evaluated by material incorporated, and the electrical piezoresistivity of concreteofcan be evaluated by fractional conductive material incorporated, and the electrical piezoresistivity of concrete can be evaluated by fractional in resistivity (FCR).(3)
The electrical sensitivity of concrete can be evaluated with a gauge factor (GF)
Summary
Concrete structures are lasting longer and are subject to material deterioration and changing environments, including climate [1,2,3]. Suggested that the optimal amount of carbon black to improve both mechanical and electrical properties of concrete containing is 7% Together, these studies demonstrate that the incorporation of conductive materials into concrete may enable structural health monitoring (SHM) and vehicle detection of civil infrastructure [1,3,11]. Hong et al [12] evaluated the microstructure and strength characteristics of concrete that included steelmaking slag and found that the concrete performance deteriorated when the proportion of steelmaking slag exceeded 20% These studies indicate that the incorporation of steelmaking slag as a supplementary cementitious material may increase the conductivity of the material, reduce the environmental impact of the production of concrete, and provide a durable and strong material that could be used in SHM. Because moisture in concrete is reported to have a significant effect on the electrical properties of concrete, the electrical properties of the concrete with steelmaking slag was compared before and after drying
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