Abstract
Cardiovascular disease and renal disease have a close relationship that forms a vicious cycle as a cardiorenal syndrome (CRS). Oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and vascular inflammation could be therapeutic targets when the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is activated by accumulation of conventional cardiovascular risk factors; however, a strategy for management of CRS has not been established yet. Statins, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, have not only cholesterol-lowering effects but also pleiotropic effects on cardiovascular systems, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects and improvement of nitric oxide bioavailability. Since recent studies have indicated that statins have beneficial effects on chronic kidney disease and heart failure as well as coronary artery disease in cholesterol-lowering-dependent/independent manners, treatment with statins might be a successful strategy for preventing deterioration of CRS.
Highlights
It is well known that metabolic syndrome contributes directly to the occurrence of cardiovascular events
The mechanisms of the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) evoked by chronic kidney disease (CKD) have not been fully clarified; a number of previous studies suggested that several biomarkers yield clues for understanding the mechanisms of the development of cardiorenal syndrome (CRS)
These findings indicate that a statin is no longer able to reduce cardiovascular events in end-stage CKD, and statin therapy should be recommended to CKD patients with mild to moderate CKD
Summary
It is well known that metabolic syndrome contributes directly to the occurrence of cardiovascular events. Accumulation of cardiovascular risk factors, including dyslipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes, activates the renin-angiotensinaldosterone system (RAAS), leading to ischemic cardiovascular disease (CVD) and left ventricular (LV) dysfunction and chronic kidney disease (CKD) [1]. It has been advocated that cardiovascular disease and renal disease are closely related to each other as a cardiorenal syndrome (CRS). Disorders of these two organs are co activated and co regulated by various lifestyle-related problems, falling into a vicious cycle of cardiorenal diseases; a strategy for management of this syndrome has not been established yet. We focus on the effects of statins on CRS
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