Effects of soybean meal based diet on growth performance, gut histopathology and intestinal microbiota of juvenile rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Abstract

Effects of soybean meal (SBM) based diet on growth performance, histology of the intestinal epithelium and on the gut microbiota of juvenile rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) were investigated on two trials lasting for 8 weeks (Trial I) and 18 weeks (Trial II). The microbiological characterization was done both with conventional plating techniques, biochemical profiling and length heterogeneity analysis of PCR amplified 16S rDNA (LH-PCR). Typical histological changes were found after 18 weeks of SBM feeding (Trial II). Mean height of simple foldings were significantly higher within the group fed with fish meal (FM) based diet. These changes were not, however, reflected in the appearance, behavior and weight gain of the fish, although the feed conversion rate (FCR) was higher, compared to fish fed with the traditional FM feed. In both SBM and FM groups the counts of cultivable intestinal bacteria dropped within the first 4 weeks of feeding (Trial I). Subsequently, the bacterial numbers increased in the FM group, but not in the SBM group by the 8th week of the trial. The LH-PCR data suggested also that diet-related qualitative changes in the microbiota had occurred (Trial II). The main identified bacteria were mainly representatives of the genera Aeromonas, Sphingomonas and Chryseomonas, and among the lactic acid bacteria, Lactococcus and Lactobacillus. Future research will be directed to the identification and eventual elimination the SBM-associated factors involved in the inflammatory responses and unfavorable FCR, in particular by modifying the intestinal microbiota.