Abstract
The interactive effects of ozone, soil nutrient availability and root microorganisms on physiological, growth, and productivity traits were studied for the first time for Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi) seedlings grown in containers over a growing season, using a free air ozone-concentration enrichment exposure system. High nutrient availability altered leaf and root nutrient dynamics and enhanced plant growth; however, it also enhanced seedling susceptibility to damping-off disease compared to low nutrient availability. Negative effects of elevated ozone, as compared with ambient ozone, on leaf gas exchange and plant stem form were neither offset nor exacerbated by soil nutrient availability and root colonizers. Such negative effects suggest that elevated ozone may have implications for ecological health even when plant vigor is limited by factors other than ozone. Inoculation of roots with ectomycorrhizae had negligible influence on the effects of either soil nutrient availability or ozone. However, this lack of effect may be upon impeded formation of complete mycorrhizal root tips due to factors other than the manipulated variables. B and Na appeared to have an important role in stress responses, so further studies to examine their link with physiological mechanisms as a function of time. This study provides an important perspective for designing forestry practices to enhance seedling health.
Highlights
For the interaction Fertilizer × ECM, the only significant difference among groups was a 60% higher E390 in plants treated with ECM in Low fertilization (LF) than in non-ECM plants in LF
Further DNA analyses revealed that ECM-treated plants were infected with only Fusarium sp. and non-treated ones were infected with Suillus grevillei and Dothideomycetes sp..These results suggest that non-ECM-treated plants were infected normally withmycorrhizae that can be transferred through aerial spores and that the control of damping-off was effective
The results showed that 9 of 10 seedlings survived damping-off when grown in LF; only 5 of 10 seedlings survived when grown in the presence of High fertilization (HF), suggesting that low nutrient availability may mitigate the disease at some extend
Summary
The online version is available at http://www.springerlink.com. Local and regional regulations has helped decrease O3 levels in parts of the world (Sicard et al 2013) and the level of air pollutants that interplay in O3 formation and may decrease. Increase O 3 levels (Sicard et al 2013; Nopmongcol et al 2017; Li et al 2019a). O 3 remains at potentially phytotoxic levels throughout the world, especially in wide O3-polluted hotspots in Asia O 3 remains at potentially phytotoxic levels throughout the world, especially in wide O3-polluted hotspots in Asia (P. Nagashima et al 2017; Sicard et al 2017; Li et al 2018a, 2019a)
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