Effects of snack portion size on anticipated and experienced hunger, eating enjoyment, and perceived healthiness among children

Camille Schwartz,Pierre Chandon,Christine Lange,Celia Hachefa,Sophie Nicklaus,Yann Cornil

doi:10.1186/s12966-020-00974-z

Abstract

BackgroundLarge portion sizes encourage overconsumption. Prior studies suggest that this may be due to errors in anticipating the effects of portion size, although the studies were limited to adults and energy-dense foods.ObjectiveOur aim was to investigate potential anticipation errors related to the effects of portion size on hunger, eating enjoyment, and healthiness ratings among 8-to-11-year-old children, for snacks differing in energy density and healthiness perception, and as a function of initial hunger.MethodsIn a within-subject design, 83 children aged 8 to 11 years old were first asked to anticipate how much they would enjoy, how hungry they would feel after eating, and how healthy it would be to eat a recommended serving size, a 50% larger portion, and a 125% larger portion of brownie or applesauce. Over six subsequent sessions, the children were asked to eat all of each of these portions and then rate their post-intake enjoyment, residual hunger, and healthiness perceptions. We also measured hunger at the beginning of each session.ResultsFor both snacks, larger portions reduced anticipated and experienced residual hunger similarly. In contrast, larger portions increased anticipated but not experienced eating enjoyment for both snacks; although larger portions increased anticipated and experienced enjoyment ratings among extremely hungry children. All children under-anticipated how much they would enjoy the smaller portion sizes. Healthiness ratings were unaffected by portion size for both snacks but differed across foods (applesauce vs. brownie).ConclusionsChildren anticipate the effects of portion size on hunger change accurately, overestimate the effects of portion size on eating enjoyment, and rate food healthiness on food type and not portion size. Helping children better anticipate the enjoyment from smaller (recommended) portion sizes and understand that food quantity, not just quality, matters for healthy eating may be a solution to improve portion control.

Highlights

Children anticipate the effects of portion size on hunger change accurately, overestimate the effects of portion size on eating enjoyment, and rate food healthiness on food type and not portion size
Like adults, children eat more when they are served larger portions, a phenomenon known as the Portion Size Effect (PSE) [1,2,3,4]
A meta-analysis found that, of all healthy eating nudges, portion downsizing had by far the greatest impact on consumption decisions [10]. Another recent meta-analysis found that increasing the size of food portions given to children aged 2 to 12 years old by 51– 100% led to a 13% increase in daily energy intake, for both unit and amorphous foods [3] and underscored the need for more research to understand the PSE mechanism in children

Summary

Introduction

A meta-analysis found that, of all healthy eating nudges, portion downsizing had by far the greatest impact on consumption decisions [10]. Another recent meta-analysis found that increasing the size of food portions given to children aged 2 to 12 years old by 51– 100% led to a 13% increase in daily energy intake (standardized mean difference = 0.47 [95% CI: 0.39–0.55], which means that intake increased by 0.47 standard deviations), for both unit and amorphous foods [3] and underscored the need for more research to understand the PSE mechanism in children

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Conclusion