Abstract
Studies have found both genetic and environmental influences on chronic periodontitis. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among previously identified genetic variants, smoking status, and two periodontal disease-related phenotypes (PSR1 and PSR2) in 625 Caucasian adults (aged 18–49 years). The PSR Index was used to classify participants as affected or unaffected under the PSR1 and PSR2 phenotype definitions. Using logistic regression, we found that the form of the relationship varied by single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP): For rs10457525 and rs12630931, the effects of smoking and genotype on risk were additive; whereas for rs10457526 and rs733048, smoking was not independently associated with affected status once genotype was taken into consideration. In contrast, smoking moderated the relationships of rs3870371 and rs733048 with affected status such that former and never smokers with select genotypes were at increased genetic risk. Thus, for several groups, knowledge of genotype may refine the risk prediction over that which can be determined by knowledge of smoking status alone. Future studies should replicate these findings. These findings provide the foundation for the exploration of novel pathways by which periodontitis may occur.
Highlights
Chronic periodontitis is prevalent in the United States, with over one third of the dentate adult population having the disease [1]
When PSR1 was predicted by age, smoking status, and rs10457525 genotype simultaneously, age in 10-year increments (OR = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.07 to 1.98), smoking status (OR = 1.62, 95% CI = 1.02 to 2.59), and genotype (GG vs. TT: OR = 0.17, 95% CI = 0.07 to 0.40; TG vs. TT: OR = 0.34, 95% CI = 0.14 to 0.82) each accounted for unique variance in the outcome
Genotype does not mediate the association of affected status with smoking status; and smoking status does not mediate the association of affected status with genotype
Summary
Chronic periodontitis is prevalent in the United States, with over one third of the dentate adult population having the disease [1]. People with chronic periodontitis can have problems chewing food and may experience tooth loss. Risk factors include the presence of oral pathogens that cause periodontal disease, variations to the host’s inflammatory response that may be genetically determined [2], and exposure to environmental factors such as smoking [3,4]. Among younger adults in particular, smoking appears to be associated with greatly increased risk of chronic periodontitis. For the 10% of younger adults with the greatest loss of attachment, the adjusted population attributable fraction due to current smoking was 60% [5]. Smoking plays an important role in the etiology of periodontal disease in younger adults
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