Effects of smoking and drinking habits and vitamin A intake on serum concentrations of beta-carotene and retinol

Abstract

Serum samples from 341 males aged 10 to 59 years were obtained and stored at -40 degrees C until examined for retinol and beta-carotene concentrations by HPLC, and their relationships to smoking habit, alcohol drinking habit and vitamin A intake were studied. In univariate analysis the serum beta-carotene level was significantly lower in the smokers than in the non-smokers (smokers: 4.6 micrograms/dl, non-smokers: 7.1 micrograms/dl, p less than 0.01) and lower in the drinkers than in the non-drinkers (drinkers: 4.6 micrograms/dl, non-drinkers: 7.3 micrograms/dl, p less than 0.01). The serum retinol level was not different by smoking habit but was higher in the drinkers than in the non-drinkers (drinkers: 80.4 micrograms/dl, non-drinkers: 67.0 micrograms/dl, p less than 0.01). Serum beta-carotene was higher in the group with a greater intake of vitamin A of vegetable origin (6.1 micrograms/dl) than in the group with a smaller intake of it (4.7 micrograms/dl) (p less than 0.01), but serum retinol was not different by the amount of vitamin A intake of animal food origin. To estimate the respective effects and interactions of the above factors on serum beta-carotene and retinol levels by adjusting for the confounding effects of age, serum total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and triglyceride, analysis of covariance was performed. For serum beta-carotene, smoking habit (p less than 0.01), drinking habit (p less than 0.01) and the amount of vitamin A intake of vegetable food origin (p less than 0.05) had significant main effects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)