Abstract
Aims: The consumption of oral form of smokeless tobacco has increased rapidly. Its use is associated with increased risk of chronic diseases like diabetes, myocardial infarction, liver disorders, cerebrovascular accidents and many other health issues. Use of tobacco in any form either smoked or chewed form leads to the absorption of nicotine which spontaneously moves into the bloodstream where it is circulated throughout the body system. Hence through this study an effort is being made to evaluate the effects produced by the locally available brand of smokeless tobacco on the histology and functioning of proximal convoluted tubules of the kidneys of the female Swiss albino rats.
 Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in Sindh Agricultural University, Tandojam and further lab work was carried out in Isra University Hyderabad.
 Methodology: 30 adult female Swiss albino rats were randomly selected. They were divided into three groups (n=10). Group A were taken as control. Group B&C comprised of rats which were given 5 %& 10% of smokeless tobacco respectively along with their chow diet. The feed and water were given ad libitum. Animals were sacrificed on 31st day and their kidneys were removed and weighed. The specimens were processed routinely for examination under light microscope. The sections were stained using H & E stains and examined under light microscope. Blood samples for analysis of creatinine and urea were collected.
 Results: A significant decrease in the weight of the kidneys, an increase in the levels of creatinine and urea were observed (P value = 0.001). Kidneys of both B & C groups showed edema, congestion and presence of cast cells when compared with the kidneys of the control group.
 Conclusion: From these observations, it can be inferred that the exposure of female Swiss albino rats to the smokeless form of Tobacco is associated with structural and functional damage of the kidneys.
Highlights
Tobacco is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality all over the world [1,2]
Use of tobacco in any form either smoked or chewed form leads to the absorption of nicotine which spontaneously moves into the bloodstream where it is circulated throughout the body system
Due to known cardiovascular affects caused by the use of smokeless tobacco it is highly suspected that it could accelerate the progression of renal diseases as well [8]
Summary
Tobacco is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality all over the world [1,2]. Many studies have proved this statistically that the average age of first time tobacco user in the world is between 13 – 15 years. Due to known cardiovascular affects caused by the use of smokeless tobacco it is highly suspected that it could accelerate the progression of renal diseases as well [8]. The use of tobacco is considered to be the most common risk factor for the progression of the renal diseases, studies regarding the cause effect relationship of smoking and tobacco chewing on renal function in subjects without renal disease are scarce. It is unknown whether chronic smoking and tobacco chewing affects renal function or represents a cause of renal damage in individuals without pre-existing renal diseases [8]. The aim of this study was to search for the renal effects of smokeless tobacco in control and experimental groups of female albino rats
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