Abstract
Previous studies have shown that probiotics have positive effects on hyperlipidemia by lowering the serum lipid concentration and improving the lipid profile. To explore the mechanism by which probiotic-fermented milk improves lipid metabolism, the transcription of genes regulated by liver X receptors (LXRs), 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase, and the farnesoid X receptor (FXR), which play integral roles in lipid metabolism, was investigated in hyperlipidemic rats. Compared with rats fed a high-fat diet, the administration of probiotic-fermented milk significantly lowered the levels of total cholesterol (TC) and total triglycerides (TG) in rat serum and viscera (P < 0.05) and significantly increased the level of total bile acid in the rat liver and small intestine (P < 0.05). The quantitative PCR results showed that the probiotics ameliorated the TC levels in the rats by activating the transcription of genes involved in the LXR axis, which promoted TC reverse transport and increased the conversion of TC to bile acids. The level of TG in the hyperlipidemic rats was ameliorated by the inhibition of the transcription of carbohydrate reaction element binding protein genes and activation of the transcription of PPARα genes. The regulation of lipid metabolism-related gene transcription by the single probiotic (Lactobacillus rhamnosus LV108)-fermented milk was more effective than that by the combined probiotic (L. rhamnosus LV108, Lactobacillus casei grx12, and Lactobacillus fermentum grx08)-fermented milk (P < 0.05).
Highlights
Hyperlipidemia is a common cardiovascular disease posing a serious threat to human health
The L. rhamnosus LV108-fermented milk was fermented with L. rhamnosus LV108, and the combined probiotic-fermented milk was a mixture of the three milks fermented with a single probiotic strain at a 1:1:1 (w:w:w) ratio
This study attempts to analyze the multifaceted mechanism by which probiotics reduce lipid levels in their hosts by evaluating the transcription of the genes involved in the liver X receptors (LXRs), AMPK, and farnesoid X receptor (FXR) axes of lipid metabolism
Summary
Hyperlipidemia is a common cardiovascular disease posing a serious threat to human health. Mann (1974) observed the hypocholesterolemic activity of fermented milk in a Maasai tribe in Kenya. Animal and human models have been used to evaluate the effects of probiotic. L. rhamnosus Improves Lipid Metabolism microorganisms on serum lipid levels, and probiotic benefits have been emphasized over the last 40 years. Accumulating studies have shown that well-established probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics possess hypocholesterolemic and other effects that modulate serum lipids in humans and animals (He and Shi, 2017). The mechanisms by which probiotics and their fermentation products reduce lipid levels mainly include the adhesion and absorption of living bacteria cells, the production of short chain fatty acids, the reduction of the reabsorption of bile acids, and the inhibition of lipoprotein lipase activity
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