Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of alcohol and nicotine, when used alone or simultaneously, on the alveolar bone loss area resulting from ligature-induced periodontitis in rats. Study design: Forty adult male rats received a cotton ligature in the first lower molar sulcular area, and the animals were randomly assigned to different treatments (n = 10, each group) including daily peritoneal injections of saline solution (group A), submitted to self-administration of alcohol 25% (group B), nicotine solution in concentration 0.19 μl/ml (group C), and nicotine solution in concentration 0.19 μl/ml plus self-administration of alcohol 25% (group D). Five weeks later, the animals were sacrificed, and the samples were routinely processed for semi-serial decalcified sections. Results: Ligated teeth showed more alveolar bone loss than unligated ones (p < 0.05). Unligated teeth showed no significant differences between each other (p > 0.05). Analyses between the ligated teeth showed that the group C (nicotine) or group B (alcohol 25%) each had increasing alveolar bone loss in the furcation area, and the simultaneous combination alcohol and nicotine (group D) intensified these effects (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The results suggest that the simultaneous combination of alcohol and nicotine have a synergistic effect in the progression of periodontitis, evidenced by increased furcation region bone destruction in periodontal disease in rats. Key words:Alveolar bone loss, periodontitis, nicotine, alcohol, rats.
Highlights
Destructive periodontal disease affects numerous people around the world [1]
The present study demonstrates that simultaneous use of nicotine and alcohol increased bone loss in the furcation area of teeth in rats with induced periodontitis, whereas no effect was observed in unligated teeth
Our study agrees with many previous reports that indicate that alcohol consumption has negative effects on periodontal tissues [4,7,8,15,16]
Summary
Destructive periodontal disease affects numerous people around the world [1]. individuals respond differently to progressive periodontitis. A recent investigation demonstrated that alcohol enhances periodontal inflammatory markers and exacerbates the development and progression of periodontitis [4]. Another risk factor for periodontitis is cigarette smoking. Research has shown that nicotine is a toxic substance in tobacco smoke [5] The effects of both nicotine [6] and alcohol [7] separately are harmful to periodontal tissues. These negative effects of alcohol on bone have been explained thought alcohol directly affects the number and activity of the osteoblasts and osteoclasts as well as it increases osteocyte apoptosis, further changes to cell differentiation may be responsible for the low bone mass and are associated with increased fat accumulation in the bone marrow [8]. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of simultaneous nicotine and alcohol use on furcation area bone loss rate in induced periodontitis in rats
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