Effects of short-term orthodontic force application on the root at different developmental stages in rat maxillary molars

Abstract

The suitable timing and duration of orthodontic force to be applied to teeth with developing roots are unclear. We investigated the effects of short-term orthodontic force application on the roots at different root developmental stages in rats to predict the optimal timing for orthodontic treatment of teeth with developing roots. Light orthodontic force was applied on the maxillary first molars of rats from postnatal day (PN) 21 or PN28 for 3 days. After that, the force was released, and the roots were evaluated on PN35 to determine the root length, apical morphology, and cell proliferation of the maxillary first mesial roots using microcomputed tomography and histologic evaluation. When a light orthodontic force was applied from PN21, the root length did not differ from that in age-matched controls. In addition, after the force was released, the roots attained the normal root-completing length and had a well-formed root apical morphology at PN35. Conversely, when the force was applied from PN28, the roots showed apical abnormalities characterized by deformed dentin and disorganized arrangement of odontoblasts, reduced apical cell proliferation, and significantly shorter length than those in the age-matched controls at PN31. The shortened root and disturbed apical integrity could not be rescued by releasing the orthodontic force at PN35. Short-term orthodontic force at the late and slow root developmental stage results in a shortened root and a defect in the root apex with reduced cell proliferation. Our findings support that orthodontic force for a limited duration during the active and rapid root developmental stage is more favorable than during the late and slow stage.