Effects of sampling scale on American black bear spatial genetic structure

Abstract

Abstract: Sampling bias can lead to erroneous interpretations of spatial genetic structure that can subsequently impact conservation efforts and management decisions. Genetic sampling of rare and elusive species can be challenging and, by necessity, samples are often collected opportunistically from multiple sources that could differ in spatial dispersion and timing of collection. Here we quantified the effects of timing of sample collection and sampling methods on spatial and temporal variability in sample dispersion and measures of American black bear (Ursus americanus) local spatial genetic structure. Hair (N = 890) and tissue (N = 1,017) samples were collected from Michigan's Northern Lower Peninsula (USA) during the summer using non-invasive (hair snares) and autumn harvest methods during 2003, 2005, and 2009. Point pattern analyses of sample dispersion revealed that sample density did not differ significantly between seasons or among years. Measures of spatial genetic structure (i.e., spatial autoc...