Effects of sainfoin ( Onobrychis viciifolia) extract and monomers of condensed tannins on the association of abomasal nematode larvae with fundic explants

Abstract

Tannin-rich forages offer an alternative to anthelmintic chemicals to control gastrointestinal nematodes. However, the mode of action of such bioactive plants still needs to be assessed. Previous studies have shown that extracts of tannin-rich plants interfere with the first phase of host invasion, i.e., the exsheathment of infective larvae (L3s). In the current study, we examined the hypothesis that exposure to tannins could also affect the second phase of larval establishment, i.e., the tissue association/penetration of the exsheathed L3s into the digestive mucosae. An in vitro direct challenge technique using fundic explants was applied in this study. The main parasite model was Haemonchus contortus. The objectives were to verify: (i) whether a modification of the association/penetration of L3s with the mucosae occurred after contact with sainfoin extract; (ii) whether this is a dose-dependent phenomenon; (iii) whether tannins were responsible for these effects; (iv) whether these effects were dependent on the parasite species; and (v) how the biochemical structure of tannins might influence these effects. Following 3 h contact with sainfoin extract at 1,200 μg/ml, the penetration of exsheathed L3s of H. contortus and Teladorsagia circumcincta into fundic explants was significantly reduced. Moreover, a dose–response relationship was found for H. contortus. For both nematodes, the changes were totally alleviated after addition of polyvinyl polypyrrolidone, an inhibitor of tannins, to the sainfoin extract, suggesting that tannins play a major role in the observed effects. Comparison of results obtained with different monomers of condensed tannins confirms a relationship between structure and activity, the prodelphinidin monomers and galloyl-derivatives being more effective than the procyanidin monomers. Combined with the delay or the inhibition of larval exsheathment previously shown, these effects could explain how tanniniferous plants reduce the establishment of infective larvae in small ruminants.