Effects of route of administration and repetitive dosing on the disposition kinetics of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and its mono-de-esterified metabolite in rats

Abstract

The disposition kinetics of the plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and its biologically active metabolite mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) were studied in rats following single or multiple administration of DEHP by various routes. Following a single intraarterial (ia) injection, a large apparent volume of distribution (5390 ml/kg) and a high rate of clearance (21.5 ml/min/kg) were observed for DEHP. The systemic availability of DEHP was low following both single po (13.6%) and ip (5.2%) administration. A marked route-dependency in the formation of MEHP from DEHP was observed. The circulating concentrations of MEHP were substantially higher than those of DEHP (i.e., area under the blood concentration-time curve (AUC) ratio of approximately 7) after po administration, whereas concentrations of the mono-de-esterified metabolite were much lower relative to the parent diester concentration after ia or ip administration (i.e., AUC ratio < 0.4). Pharmacokinetic calculations revealed that approximately 80% of a po dose of DEHP undergoes mono-de-esterification, as compared to only about 1% of the dose following either ia or ip administration. Hence, the low po systemic availability of DEHP may be largely attributed to presystemic hydrolysis of DEHP to MEHP in the gut, whereas slow and/or incomplete absorption is the likely cause of the poor bioavailability of DEHP after ip administration. No significant accumulation in the circulating concentrations of DEHP or derived MEHP were observed following 7 days of repetitive administration of DEHP. However, multiple ip injections resulted in an apparent decrease in the rate and/or extent of DEHP absorption from the peritoneal cavity, while no significant change in the po absorption of the diester was observed. The striking difference in the MEHP to DEHP AUC ratio between po and ip routes was still evident after multiple dosing. These data suggest that previously reported differences in the biologic effects of DEHP in rodents following different routes of administration may be due to route dependency in the mono-de-esterification of the diester.