Abstract
In this paper, the effects of rotor-rotor interaction on the wake structure and thrust generation of a quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) are experimentally investigated in the rotor tip Reynolds number range of 34000 - 54000. The interaction strength is manipulated by varying the number of rotating rotors and the normalized rotor separation distance. A stronger rotor-rotor interaction places the inner tip vortices between rotors closer to each other, forming an upflow region through vortex pairing and intensifying the turbulence intensity between rotors. To comprehensively evaluate the effect of interaction on the wake structure, we propose a modified Landgrebe's model that accurately describes the wake boundary of UAV, given the number of rotating rotors and the normalized rotor separation distance. The wake analysis based on the model shows that the stronger the rotor-rotor interaction, the less the wake contracts and the closer the vena contracta moves to the rotor-tip path plane. The momentum theory combined with the modified Landgrebe's model shows that the loss of axial momentum transfer due to the wake inclination is insufficient to account for the thrust loss caused by the rotor-rotor interaction. This paper shows that the shift of the inner tip vortex away from the rotational axis and the corresponding increase of induced axial velocity followed by a decrease in the local effective angle of attack is another important mechanism for the thrust loss.
Highlights
Rotary-wing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have significant advantages over fixed-wing UAVs in terms of hovering ability, maneuverability, vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) ability, flexibility in size, versatility, and affordability
Since the wake structure is essential in evaluating the effect of wake on the sensor performance, the wake geometry predicted by the model presented in this paper can provide guidance for optimizing the location of UAV-based sensors
If the present model developed for hovering flight is extended to forward flight, it can be used to assess the hazard of the wake of a multirotor UAV
Summary
Rotary-wing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have significant advantages over fixed-wing UAVs in terms of hovering ability, maneuverability, vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) ability, flexibility in size, versatility, and affordability. Based on these advantages, rotary-wing UAVs have a variety of applications, including air quality assessment, aerial photography, remote sensing, surveillance, disease control, film recording, and delivery service. Since multirotor UAVs can switch the flight mode by varying the rotational speed of each rotor, there is no need to control or change the rotor blade pitch angle. For multirotor UAVs, no swashplate and no variable pitch rotor blades are necessary, which allows greater mechanical simplicity. Due to the mechanical simplicity achieved using multiple rotors, multirotor UAVs are easy to operate and repair but are low in cost
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