Effects of resistance exercise and whey protein supplementation on skeletal muscle strength, mass, physical function, and hormonal and inflammatory biomarkers in healthy active older men: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Abstract

To determine the individual and combined effects of 12weeks of resistance exercise (RE) and whey protein supplementation on skeletal muscle strength (primary outcome), mass and physical function, and hormonal and inflammatory biomarkers in older adults. Thirty-six healthy older men [(mean±SE) age: 67±1 y; BMI: 25.5±0.4kg/m2] were randomised to either control (CON; n=9), whey protein (PRO; n=9), RE+control (EX+CON; n=9), or RE+whey protein (EX+PRO; n=9) in a double-blinded fashion. Whole-body RE (2 sets of 8 repetitions and 1 set to volitional failure at 80% 1RM) was performed twice weekly. Supplements (PRO, 25g whey protein isolate; CON, 23.75g maltodextrin) were consumed twice daily. EX+CON and EX+PRO increased leg extension (+19±3kg and +20±3kg, respectively) and leg press 1RM (+27±3kg and +39±2kg, respectively) greater than the CON and PRO groups (P<0.001, Cohen's d=1.50-1.90). RE (EX+CON and EX+PRO groups pooled) also increased fat-free mass (FFM) (+0.9±0.3kg) and 6-min walk test distance (+21±5m) and decreased fat mass (-0.4±0.4kg), and interleukin-6 (-1.0±0.4pg/mL) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha concentration (-0.7±0.3pg/mL) greater than non-exercise (CON and PRO groups pooled; P<0.05, Cohen's f=0.37-0.45). Whey protein supplementation (PRO and EX+PRO groups pooled) increased 4-m gait speed greater than control (CON and EX+CON groups pooled) (+0.08±0.03m/s; P=0.007, f=0.51). RE increased muscle strength, FFM and physical function, and decreased markers of systemic inflammation in healthy active older men. Whey protein supplementation alone increased gait speed. No synergistic effects were observed. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.govasNCT03299972.