Abstract
Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of resistance, endurance, and concurrent exercise on oxidative stress markers and histological changes of the intestine after morphine withdrawal in rats. Methods: A total of 30 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (n=6) including healthy control, withdrawal (rat received morphine for 21 days and 8 weeks of withdrawal period), withdrawal + endurance exercises, withdrawal + resistance exercises, and withdrawal + concurrent exercises. The rats practiced endurance, resistance, and concurrent exercises for 10 weeks. Then, their intestines were removed and used for biochemical and histological analysis. Next, several factors were measured such as total protein levels, malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and total oxidant status (TOS). Finally, the morphological alteration of intestine was examined under the light microscope. Results: Morphine withdrawal significantly increased the levels of MDA in the intestine of withdrawal rats compared to those of the control group while endurance, resistance, and concurrent exercise reduced the MDA levels in the intestine. In addition, morphine withdrawal led to a decrease in TAC and GSH levels in the intestine compared to control rats whereas endurance, resistance, and concurrent exercise noticeably increased TAC and GSH levels. Interestingly, the change in the concurrent group was more significant. Moreover, the levels of TOS demonstrated a significant increase in the addicted rat as compared to the control group. Conversely, endurance, resistance, and concurrent exercise significantly decreased TOS levels and the reduction was more significant in the concurrent group. Finally, the intestine of withdrawal rat was morphologically abnormal while it restored by the exercise. Conclusion: Overall, endurance, resistance, and concurrent exercise significantly normalized oxidative stress and the morphological changes of the intestine in withdrawal rats.
Highlights
Opium is extracted from a plant called “Papaver somniferum” [1] and many people use this agent for recreational or medical purposes worldwide, especially in different Asian countries [2]
Morphine withdrawal reduced total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and the GSH level in intestine tissue compared with the control rats
Regular exercise can increase catecholamines production in the body it can be beneficial in helping the body to recover from morphine addiction and opium withdrawal [14]
Summary
Opium is extracted from a plant called “Papaver somniferum” [1] and many people use this agent for recreational or medical purposes worldwide, especially in different Asian countries [2]. More than 20 million people are addicted to opium [3] that acts as an analgesic, anticough, and antidiarrheal agent [2]. Previous reports indicate that patients with chronic disorders such as coronary artery disease, hypertension, and hyperglycemia use more opium than healthy people due to traditional believes [4]. In some countries in Asia, about 10% of patients with a history of myocardial infarction consume opium and believe that it can reduce blood lipid, pressure, and glucose levels [5]. Experiments conducted on mice reveal that both morphine withdrawal and chronic morphine administration can reduce host defence to enteric bacteria (e.g., Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella enterica) stimulate spontaneous
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