Abstract
Regular exercise has been proven to prevent hypertension and to help in the management of hypertension. There is a lack of studies examining changes in these issues as a result of Taekwondo training intervention. The aim of the current trial is to identify the effects of a regular Taekwondo (TKD) training program on health-related physical fitness (HRPF), cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, inflammatory factors, and epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) in elderly women with hypertension. To accomplish this, 20 participants, who were older women with hypertension, were divided into a TKD group (n = 10) and a control group (n = 10). The TKD program was conducted in program for 90 min, three times a week, for 12 weeks. Outcomes, including body composition, blood pressure (BP), HRPF, cardiovascular risk factor and EAT, were measured before and after the Taekwondo program. The 12-week TKD program improved body composition, BP, HRPF, CVD risk factor, and EAT in elderly women with hypertension relative to controls. Meanwhile, EAT and interukin-1β (r = 0.530, p < 0.05), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (r = 0.524, p < 0.05), triglyceride (r = 0.493, p < 0.05) and sedentary behavior (r = 0.459, p < 0.05) presented a positive correlation, while EAT and lean body mass (r = −0.453, p < 0.05) showed a negative correlation. The 12-week regular TKD training intervention was found to be effective in reducing the thickness of EAT measured by multi-detector computed tomography and can also enhance health-related physical fitness and risk factors of CVD in older individuals with hypertension.
Highlights
Hypertension causes the regeneration of blood vessels inside blood vessels, increases shrinkage and the activation of cell proliferation of smooth muscle [1], and is reported to be a high-risk factor of cardiovascular disease (CVD) [2].According to the report from Statistics Korea [3], the number of deaths of elderly women owing to cerebrovascular disease occupies the first rank requiring preventive measures
Improvement in the body composition of an elderly person would be more significant in terms of health compared to other ages [48], and the implementation of a TKD program for 12 weeks rendered significant differences in an interaction between groups and time with regard to body weight, Body mass index (BMI), lean body mass (LBM), percent body fat, waist circumference (WC), and hip circumference (HC), suggesting that most of the indicators improved
It was confirmed that the decrease in epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) was correlated with improvement in sedentary behavior, fat mass, lipid profile and inflammatory factors. These results show that elderly women with hypertension improve health-related physical fitness (HRPF) and lipid profile and vascular adhesion molecules positively through long-term regular Taekwondo training, and the association of improving CVD risk factors by controlling blood pressure due to decreased
Summary
Hypertension causes the regeneration of blood vessels inside blood vessels, increases shrinkage and the activation of cell proliferation of smooth muscle [1], and is reported to be a high-risk factor of cardiovascular disease (CVD) [2].According to the report from Statistics Korea [3], the number of deaths of elderly women owing to cerebrovascular disease occupies the first rank requiring preventive measures. Hypertension causes the regeneration of blood vessels inside blood vessels, increases shrinkage and the activation of cell proliferation of smooth muscle [1], and is reported to be a high-risk factor of cardiovascular disease (CVD) [2]. Major causes of the onset of CVD comprise diverse ones including obesity owing to non-physical activity (PA), heredity, smoking, gender, age, family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus, and hypertension, etc. [4,5,6,7]; the obesity due to an increase in adipose tissue is an important risk factor [8,9,10] causing metabolic diseases such as CVD, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipidemia.
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