Effects of reduced organic matter loading through membrane filtration on the microbial community dynamics in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) with Atlantic salmon parr (Salmo salar)

Ragnhild O Fossmark,Olav Vadstein,Trond W Rosten,Ingrid Bakke,Deni Košeto,Anette V Bugten,Gaute A Helberg,Jenny Nesje,Niels O.G Jørgensen,Gema Raspati,Kamal Azrague,Stein W Østerhus,Kari J.K Attramadal

doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735268

Ragnhild O Fossmark, Olav Vadstein + Show 11 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735268

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Abstract

A key challenge in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) is the accumulation of particulate organic matter, especially the fine and colloidal fraction due to low removal efficiency of today's technology. The supply of organic matter is typically the limiting resource determining the carrying capacity (CC) of heterotrophic bacteria in the system. An appropriate and stable CC is proposed as a strategy for an optimal microbial environment in RAS with less blooms of opportunistic bacteria and more stable community dynamics. In this study, we investigated the effects of including a membrane for ultrafiltration in the RAS water treatment loop (treating 10–15% of the total water flow) to reduce the amount of fine and colloidal organic matter. Atlantic salmon parr (Salmo salar) were reared in two pilot-scale RAS (mRAS: membrane, cRAS: conventional). To evaluate the bacterial dynamics with and without membrane filtration at different organic loadings, the water exchange rates of the systems were manipulated equally to create periods with high and low loading of organic matter. The results showed that in the mRAS water, the level of organic matter was more stable throughout the experiment for the changing organic matter loadings. As a consequence, water in mRAS had higher microbial diversity, lower and shorter bacterial blooms and generally lower bacterial densities than in cRAS. All variables indicate a better microbial environment in the water of the system with membrane filtration. Also, the physicochemical water quality was better in mRAS in terms of lower turbidity and particulate organic matter (POC), and slightly lower concentrations of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN). The composition of the microbial communities was significantly different between the two systems, and temporal variations in the community dynamics were observed in both systems during the periods with different organic loadings. At high organic loading, the genus Mycobacterium had high relative abundance in the cRAS water (up to 0.25) compared to mRAS (0.01–0.03). The fish in mRAS were significantly bigger (14%) than fish in cRAS at the end of the experiment, however it is hard to conclude whether the better growth in mRAS was due to higher temperatures (caused by membrane operation) or better water quality, as it was probably a combination of both. We can conclude that membrane filtration gave more stable and better physicochemical and microbial water quality, which will reduce the probability for microbially related accidents in RAS.

Highlights

Optimization of water treatment to obtain and maintain a healthy bacterial flora in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) is gaining interest (Attramadal et al, 2012; Wold et al, 2014; Pedersen et al, 2017; Rud et al, 2017; Rojas-Tirado et al, 2018; de Jesus Gregersen et al, 2019)
Organic matter was added to the systems every day through fish feed and production of faeces, and the reduction in particulate organic carbon (POC) through membrane filtration resulted in less solubilization and hydrolyzation of particles that eventually could become DOC
The typically 2–6% higher DOC concentration in conventional RAS (cRAS) than in mRAS (Fig. 2B) indicate that the extra DOC produced was quickly consumed by the bacteria

Summary

Introduction

Optimization of water treatment to obtain and maintain a healthy bacterial flora in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) is gaining interest (Attramadal et al, 2012; Wold et al, 2014; Pedersen et al, 2017; Rud et al, 2017; Rojas-Tirado et al, 2018; de Jesus Gregersen et al, 2019). Bacteria are necessary for the fluxes and the conversions of nutrients in RAS to maintain high water quality (Blancheton et al, 2013). Bacteria have direct implications for the fish, as they are highly abundant in the water and in constant contact with the mucosal surfaces of the skin, gills and gut. This close relationship can be both beneficial and detrimental for the fish. Bacteria can give positive effects through metabolic and immunological relations, such as improved utilization of nutrients in the gut and protection against invasion of pathogens (Nayak, 2010; Maynard et al, 2012; Gomez et al, 2013). The microbial community structures in RAS are shaped by physicochemical variables and competition for nutrients and space, and this selection has consequences for the composition of the microbial communities (De Schryver and Vadstein, 2014)

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