Abstract
Non-geminate recombination, as one of the most relevant loss mechanisms in organic and perovskite solar cells, deserves special attention in research efforts to further increase device performance. It can be subdivided into first, second, and third order processes, which can be elucidated by the effects that they have on the time-dependent open-circuit voltage decay. In this study, analytical expressions for the open-circuit voltage decay exhibiting one of the aforementioned recombination mechanisms were derived. It was possible to support the analytical models with experimental examples of three different solar cells, each of them dominated either by first (PBDBT:CETIC-4F), second (PM6:Y6), or third (irradiated CH3NH3PbI3) order recombination. Furthermore, a simple approach to estimate the dominant recombination process was also introduced and tested on these examples. Moreover, limitations of the analytical models and the measurement technique itself were discussed.
Highlights
In recent years, new types of devices based on organic or organic–inorganic hybrid semiconductors have emerged and garnered a lot of attention
We show how open-circuit voltage decay (OCVD) can be employed to obtain relevant information with regard to the non-geminate recombination dynamics in organic or perovskite solar cells
The starting point of the analytical expressions that will be derived is the equation describing the evolution of the open-circuit voltage in dependence of time
Summary
New types of devices based on organic or organic–inorganic hybrid semiconductors have emerged and garnered a lot of attention. A significant performance increase was observed for solar cells, either through the use of perovskites or, more recently, through the advent of so-called non-fullerene, bulk-heterojunction organic solar cells [10,21] As promising as these results are, further improvements are a prerequisite for these emerging technologies to take a foothold as a widespread commercial and industrial alternative to their inorganic counterparts [22,23,24,25]. The different non-geminate recombination mechanisms can be categorized by the relationship of the recombination rate R(t) and the charge carrier density n(t): R(t)
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