Abstract
Rainfall and its associated storm water runoff have been associated with transport of many pollutants into beach water. Fecal material, from a variety of animals (humans, pets, livestock, and wildlife), can wash into beach water following rainfall and result in microbial contamination of the beach. Many locales around the world issue pre-emptive beach closures associated with rainfall. This study looked at eight beaches located in Door County, Wisconsin, on Lake Michigan to determine the impact of rainfall on E. coli concentrations in beach water. Water samples were collected from beach water and storm water discharge pipes during rainfall events of 5 mm in the previous 24 hours. Six of the eight beaches showed a significant association between rainfall and elevated beach water E. coli concentrations. The duration of the impact of rainfall on beach water E. coli concentrations was variable (immediate to 12 hours). Amount of rainfall in the days previous to the sampling did not have significant impact on the E. coli concentrations measured in beach water. Presence of storm water conveyance pipes adjacent to the beach did not have a uniform impact on beach water E. coli concentrations. This study suggests that each beach needs to be examined on its own with regard to rain impacts on E coli concentrations in beach water.
Highlights
Across the nation, closures of recreational swimming beaches due to microbial contamination of water have prompted research into the source of elevated microorganism concentrations
As storm water flows over these impervious surfaces, the water can pick up a variety of pollutants including oil, grease, nutrients, pesticides, phosphorus, copper, zinc, and fecal bacteria [6, 7]
Effects of rainfall on beach water E. coli concentrations were not uniform, even at beaches within one county, all located on Lake Michigan
Summary
Closures of recreational swimming beaches due to microbial (fecal) contamination of water have prompted research into the source of elevated microorganism concentrations. Fecal pollution may result from point and nonpoint sources [1, 2] Point sources such as sewage overflows, agricultural runoff, urban storm water, and streams have been linked to increases in microbial loads to natural bodies of water and swimming beaches [3]. The fecal bacteria in storm water may be from domestic animals such as cattle, horses, dogs, and cats or wild animals such as deer and waterfowl. These contaminated waters reach surface waters, and, if near a swimming beach, can result in elevated bacterial concentrations and increased health risks for swimmers [5]
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