Abstract
Abstract Objectives The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of radiofrequency radiation (RFR) on apoptosis, proliferation, stress response, and inflammation markers in colorectal cancer cells. Methods We tested the effects of intermittent exposure to RFR at different frequencies on two different colorectal cancer cell lines; HCT-116 and DLD-1. Protein levels were subsequently analyzed by ELISA. Results RFR led to a decrease in P53, p-P53, p-P38, and p-IkB levels in HCT-116 cells, while leading to an increase in BAD, p-BAD, p-STAT3,NF-κB levels. Two thousand one hundred Megahertz of RFR altered the P53, BAD, and NF-ΚB expression in HCT-116 cells. P53, p-P53, BAD, p-BAD, NF-κB, p-NF-κB, p-P38, p-SAPK/JNK, p-STAT3, and p-IkB levels increased after exposure to RFR at 900 and 2,100 MHz in DLD-1 cells. Unlike HCT-116 cells, 1,800 MHz of RFR was reported to have no effect on DLD1 cells. Conclusions RFR increased apoptosis and inflammatory response in HCT116 cells, while lowering the active P38 and active P53 levels, which are indicators of poor prognosis in several cancers. Genetic differences, such as P53 mutation (DLD-1), are critical to the cell response to RFR, which explains the reason why scientific studies on the effects of RFR yield contradictory results.
Highlights
As a result of the advances in communication technology, today people are inevitably exposed to radiofrequency radiation (RFR)
The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of radiofrequency radiation (RFR) on apoptosis, proliferation, stress response, and inflammation markers in colorectal cancer cells
We investigated the effects of mobile phone-like RFR on these cell lines with different genetic characteristics and selected the most critical proteins involved in apoptosis, proliferation, inflammation, and stress response (P53, Phosphorylation of P53 (p-P53), BAD, p-BAD, NF-κB, p-NF-κB, p-P38, p-stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) JNK, p-STAT3, and p-IkB)
Summary
As a result of the advances in communication technology, today people are inevitably exposed to radiofrequency radiation (RFR). Billions of people may be affected by RFR emitted by mobile phones and their base stations. It concerns such a large population, the biological effects of RFR on mammalian cells are still unclear. There is still a need for scientific studies to clarify the mechanisms of mammalian cells affected by RFR. Mobile phones emit electromagnetic radiation (EMR) within the frequency band of RFR, i.e., 3 kHz–300 GHz, while transmitting and receiving signals that are partly absorbed by the mobile phone user. The biological effects of EMR have been studied in vivo and in vitro mammalian cells for genetic damage, tumorigenesis, cell proliferation, apoptosis, etc. The results of these studies are inconsistent and controversial, the risk of EMR to human health was assessed as a possible carcinogen for humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and listed in group 2B in 2011 [4]
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