Abstract
Oxidative stress is related to pregnancy complications that could increase maternal and infant mortality. This study aimed to determine the effect of propolis extract supplementation during pregnancy on oxidative stress level and pregnancy outcomes utilizing Malonedealdehyde (MDA) and 8-Oxo-2′-Deoxogunosine (8-OHdG) levels, maternal body weight, and the average number of fetuses as the parameters. The study was conducted by using a posttest only control group design on 24 pregnant Wistar rats, which were divided into four groups. Group I was control, Group II-IV were the treatment groups given propolis extract of 1.8mg, 3.6mg, and 7.2mg/200gBW/day, respectively. The standard feed given was AIN93G dose of 20g/day and distilled water ad libitum. Propolis extract was given using a gastric feeding tube every morning for 20 days. At the end of the treatment, body weight was meisured and blood collected for assessed MDA and 8-OHdG levels by ELISA method and then we performed abdominal surgery to count number of fetuses. The result are there were decreasing level of MDA and 8-OHDG by administration of propolis significantly (p<0.05) group: I: 2,04±0,091, II: 1,55±0,067, III: 1,05±0,176, IV: 0,73±0,075 (mmol/mL) (p=0.001); 8 OHdG level (ng/mL) group I: 10,02±0,403, II: 8,60±0,078, III: 7,89±0,051, IV: 7,53±0,063 (p=0,001). Average of maternal body weight (g) were increased: group I: 228,33±3,93, II: 237,17±4,36, III: 244,83±4,02, IV: 248,00±5,76 (p=0,001) and Average number of fetuses tend to increased as well, group I : 8,5±0,05, II: 7,8±0,41, III: 9,5±1,05, IV: 9,6±0,52 (p=0,02). The conclusion of this research are supplementation of propolis extract in pregnant rats can reduce oxidative stress and improve pregnancy outcomes.
Highlights
Pregnancy is a period in a life of a woman characterized by physiological changes due to the growth and development of the fetal, maternal adaptation to the pregnancy, and maternal preparation for delivery and breastfeeding [1]
This study show that MDA levels in the groups that received propolis extract supplementation were lower than those in the control group that only received a standard diet
This situation shows the benefits of propolis extract supplementation in reducing the level of lipid peroxidation, which can trigger oxidative stress
Summary
Pregnancy is a period in a life of a woman characterized by physiological changes due to the growth and development of the fetal, maternal adaptation to the pregnancy, and maternal preparation for delivery and breastfeeding [1]. Oxidative stress is associated with pregnancy complications, such as nausea, vomiting, gestational diabetes, macrosomia, abortion, prematurity, and low birth weight, which could increase the risk of maternal and infant mortality. Oxidative stress during pregnancy is characterized by an increase in MDA levels due to lipid peroxidation that occurs in the placenta and enters the maternal circulation, triggering damage to other tissues [1]. An excessive ROS level will cause inflammatory process and cytokine production, thereby ROS production becomes excessive if not stopped by increasing the antioxidants [3]. Excessive free radicals can damage cell DNA, lipids, and cell proteins. This reactive oxygen species can interact with DNA and causes damage that triggers the loss of cell function
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