Abstract
Findings on the effects of probiotics on salivary cytokines and immunoglobulines have been conflicting. We aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis on clinical trials that examined the effects of oral intake and local administration of probiotics on salivary cytokines and immunoglobulines in adults. We searched PubMed, MEDLINE, SCOPUS, EMBASE, and Google Scholar up to April 2020 for all relevant published papers assessing probiotic intakes and salivary cytokines and immunoglobulines. We included all randomized clinical trials that investigated the effect of oral probiotic supplementation or lozenges tablets on inflammatory biomarkers in adults. Studies that reported their effect sizes as mean ± SD or mean ± SEM were included. After excluding non-relevant papers, 8 studies remained in this review. Combining findings from 3 studies with 4 effect sizes, we found no significant reduction in salivary IgA concentrations after oral probiotic supplementation [weighted mean difference (WMD): −0.26; 95% CI: (−0.86, 0.35)]. A significant increase in salivary IL-1β concentrations reached after local probiotic supplementation (WMD: 28.21; 95% CI: 18.42, 38.01); however, no significant changes in salivary IL-6 concentrations after local probiotic supplementation was found (WMD: 0.36; 95% CI: −0.85, 1.56). We observed a significant increase in salivary IL-8 concentrations after local probiotic supplementation (WMD: 31.82; 95% CI: 27.56, 36.08). In case of salivary IL-10 concentrations after local probiotic administration, no significant reduction was seen (WMD: −0.02; 95% CI: −0.10, 0.06). we found that oral and local administrations of probiotics might influence some of salivary cytokines. However, additional clinical trials are required to examine these effects on further pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and immunoglobulines.
Highlights
Findings on the effects of probiotics on salivary cytokines and immunoglobulines have been conflicting
Despite the overall anti-inflammatory effects of probiotics, the potential mechanisms of action are not clearly understood yet. It seems that the stimulatory and regulatory effects of probiotics in immune system confer their immunological protection by changings pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines profile including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-1010,11
Combining findings from 3 studies[1,2,15] with 4 effect sizes, we found no significant reduction in salivary IgA concentrations after oral probiotic supplementation [weighted mean difference (WMD): −0.26; 95% CI: (−0.86, 0.35)] (Fig. 2)
Summary
Findings on the effects of probiotics on salivary cytokines and immunoglobulines have been conflicting. We aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis on clinical trials that examined the effects of oral intake and local administration of probiotics on salivary cytokines and immunoglobulines in adults. We included all randomized clinical trials that investigated the effect of oral probiotic supplementation or lozenges tablets on inflammatory biomarkers in adults Studies that reported their effect sizes as mean ± SD or mean ± SEM were included. Some other studies failed to find significant changes in salivary immunoglobulines or inflammatory cytokines by either oral intake or local administration of probiotics[2,3,4,5,7,15,16,17]. We conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis to summarize the available data about the effects of oral intake and local administration of probiotics on salivary cytokines and immunoglobulines in adults
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