Effects of positive mood on attentional breadth for emotional stimuli.

Maud Grol,Rudi De Raedt

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01277

Abstract

Although earlier studies have related positive emotions to attentional broadening, recent findings point out the complexity of this relation and show that these broadening effects interact with factors such as characteristics of the information that is presented. Besides stimuli characteristics, individual characteristics such as the presence of depressive symptoms could also influence the broadening effects as depressive symptoms have previously been related to a more narrow attentional scope. Therefore, the aim of this study was to further investigate the attentional broadening effects of positive emotions, testing whether this is influenced by the emotional valence of the information presented and secondly, how the presence of depressive symptoms might interact with this relationship. We used a performance-based measure to assess fluctuations in attentional broadening for positive, neutral, and negative stimuli. We assessed the presence and severity of depressive symptoms in an unselected study sample and tested whether these symptoms moderate the relationship between induced positive mood and attentional breadth for emotional information. Results showed no direct relation between positive mood and attentional breadth, regardless of the emotional valence of the stimuli. However, the presence of depressive symptoms moderated this relationship in such a way that among low levels of depressive symptoms, positive mood was related to attentional broadening specifically when positive information was presented, while at high levels of depressive symptoms this relation was reversed. The current findings suggest that both stimuli characteristics, individual characteristics and their interplay should be taken into account when investigating the broadening effects of positive emotions.

Highlights

The broaden-and-build theory (Fredrickson, 1998, 2001) states that negative and positive emotions have distinct cognitive and psychophysiological effects
Given the relation between depressive symptoms and a more narrowed attentional scope (Basso et al, 1996; De Fockert and Cooper, 2014) we investigated whether depressive symptoms moderated the effects of positive mood on attentional breadth for emotional material, hypothesizing that higher levels of depressive symptoms hamper the relation between positive mood induction and attentional broadening
Our results did not confirm previous research as no direct relation was found between positive mood and attentional breadth, neither did this depend on the emotional valence of the presented information

Summary

Introduction

The broaden-and-build theory (Fredrickson, 1998, 2001) states that negative and positive emotions have distinct cognitive and psychophysiological effects. Whereas negative emotions are associated with narrowed thought–action repertoires and action tendencies, positive emotions would broaden one’s thought– action repertoire which over time contributes to building personal resources. Studies investigating these broadening effects of positive emotions have found evidence showing that positive emotional experiences are related to more flexible cognitive categorization, processing of material in a more integrated manner (e.g., Isen and Daubman, 1984), increased creativity, and social openness (Isen and Daubman, 1984; Isen et al, 1987; Baas et al, 2008; Garland et al, 2010). Negative mood and depressive symptoms have been associated with a more narrowed attentional scope (Derryberry and Tucker, 1994; Basso et al, 1996; De Fockert and Cooper, 2014)

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