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Abstract
The effects of unmodified and surface-modified polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF) and polyethersulfone (PES) ultrafiltration membranes on quality of crude soybean oil and crude oil miscellas were studied. Membranes were modified with hexamethyldisiloxane in radiofrequency plasma polymerization (PlzP) at 60 W (PVDF) or 75 W (PES) glow discharge power for 5 min. Contact angle results indicated an interfacial free energy increase between water and solid surface by 2.1- and 12.7-fold for PVDF and PES, respectively, after PlzP, i.e., both membranes became more hydrophobic. Modified PVDF removed 10% more free fatty acids, 8–11% peroxides, and maintained 2–5% more tocopherols compared to those of unmodified PVDF and modified PES. Oxidation products and color compound removal of modified PVDF from crude oil and miscellas were similar to the commercial bleaching step and better than degumming-neutralization step. Total tocopherol loss during modified PVDF treatment was 5.3% and 5.0–6.8% for crude oil and miscellas, respectively, and these values were far below than any processing steps in commercial refining (10.4–28.4% loss). Practical Applications PlzP coating of monomers on a polymeric-based membrane changes the membrane's chemical and physical properties due to series of sequential reactions such as oxidation, degradation and cross-linking. The predominant reactions were determined mainly with plasma power and plasma treatment time. Thus, if one can adjust the plasma parameters properly, one can create a tailor-made surface in terms of angstroms at the molecular/atomic level. The minimal refining method with plasma-modified PVDF and PES membranes described in the present study was a new practical approach to remove undesirable components from crude soybean oil as well as crude oil-hexane miscellas for meeting commercial refining standards. It simultaneously preserves the more healthy minor components found in oil.
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